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Precipitation TypesPrecipitation Types
• Sleet: air below freezing, then travels through a layer of air above freezing, g y g,begins to melt and then falls through a layer of air below freezing just above thelayer of air below freezing just above the ground surface
f f• Freezing Rain: ground surface is freezing as rain hits the surface it freezes
Precipitation TypesPrecipitation Types
• Observation: Aircraft Icing– Aviation hazard is created by the increase in y
weight as ice forms on the body of the airplanep
– Spray plane with anti-freeze
More Precipitation TypesMore Precipitation Types
• Snow Grains: solid equivalent of drizzle, no bounce or shatter
• Snow Pellets: larger than grains, bounce, break crunch underfootbreak, crunch underfoot
• Graupel: ice particle accumulation with rime
• Hail: graupel act as embryo in intense• Hail: graupel act as embryo in intense thunderstorm, grow through aggregation
h d b d ftas pushed up by updraft.
Measuring PrecipitationMeasuring Precipitation
• Instruments– Rain gauge: standard, tipping bucket, g g , pp g ,
weighing• Snow: average depth at 3 locations, 10:1 waterSnow: average depth at 3 locations, 10:1 water
equivalent
• Doppler RadarDoppler Radar– Transmitter generates energy toward target,
returned energy measured and displayedreturned energy measured and displayed• Brightness of echo = amount/intensity of rain
– Doppler: measures speed of horizontal rain
Measuring PrecipitationMeasuring Precipitation
• Measuring from space– Specific satellites designed to assess clouds, p g ,
atmospheric moisture, and rain• Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)• CloudSat
TRIMMTRIMM
• Measures rainfall intensity from satellitey
• Uses radar and passive remote sensing methodsremote sensing methods
• Collects radiation in the microwave, IR and visible spectrumvisible spectrum
CloudSatCloudSat
• Measures cloud properties from satellite• Cloudsat uses a 94 GHz (microwave)Cloudsat uses a 94 GHz (microwave)
cloud radar, providing radar backscatter from cloudsfrom clouds
CloudSatCloudSat
• Tropical Cyclone yBilly
• December 25th, 2008 as the storm moved off the coast of Western Australia. The storm contained winds of 60contained winds of 60 mph (100 km/hr) at the time of this overpass. Billy intensified as the storm moved off the Australian coast into warmer waters but later weakened as the stormweakened as the storm moved into cooler waters and stronger wind shear.
Feb 10 2009 Tornado EventFeb 10, 2009 Tornado Event
• During the afternoon and evening hours of February 10, 2009, tornadoes occurred in y , ,the central third of Oklahoma and north TexasTexas
By 2:14 PM CST, it was beginning to develop a hook echo, and by 2:18 PM CST, the hook echo was fully developed.
Feb 10 2009 Tornado EventFeb 10, 2009 Tornado Event
KTLX Radar Imagery for theEdmond OK Tornado at 256 pm CST onEdmond, OK Tornado at 256 pm CST on 2/10/2009
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