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Practical guidefor the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticidesApplication in polyculture/mixed farming systems
Support sheets – Comprehensive programme
3Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme
Programme summary
Support sheet S1 : Summary diagram for the diagnosis of the farm (Step 1a)
Support sheet S2 : Description of the current CS (Step 1b)
Support sheet S3 : Evaluation of the current CS (Step 1c)
Support sheet S4 : Introduction of alternative solutions available for integrated crop management at the rotation scale (Step 2a)
Support sheet S5 : Mechanisms and introduction of alternative technical solutions available for crop protection at the CMP scale (Step 2b)
Support sheet S6 : Evaluation of alternative CS (Step 3)
5
6
7
8
9
11
17
Contents
4 Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme
List of abbreviations
CMP
COMIFER
CS
CT
F
IC
K
N
OM
P
RSA
TFI
Crop management plan
Comité Français pour le développement de la Fertilisation Raisonnée
(French committee for the development of rationalised fertilisation)
Cropping system
Conservation tillage
Farm
Intercrop period
Potassium
Nitrogen
Organic matter
Phosphorous
Revue Suisse Agricole (Swiss Journal of Agriculture)
Treatment Frequency Index
The forms in this list are marked by the a sign in the text.
5
Programme summary
Step 1: Diagnosis of the initial situation
1.a. Overall performance of the farm
Objectives : � Understanding the overall objectives of the farmer for his farm � Understanding the farm’s assets and constraints � Identifying the CSa of the farm and which should be improved first
Production of a diagnosis of the farm (Support sheet S1)
1.b. Description of the cropping system to be improved
Objectives : � Characterise the CSa (crop sequence, CMPsa) and soil types � Become acquainted with the farmer’s objectives and issues with the CSa
Description of the crop sequenceDescription of the CMPsa (Calculator - see Support sheet S2 for example)
1.c. Evaluation of the initial cropping system
Objectives : � Evaluate the CSa , starting with predefined indicators to then be able to compare its performance with those of the pro-
posed alternative systems Multicriteria evaluation of the current CS (Calculator – see Support sheet S3 for example)
Step 2: Co-design of alternative cropping systems
Objectives : � Identify with the farmer those agronomic levers already used in the current CSa at the rotation scale � Identify supplementary levers which could be interesting to use, according to the objectives
2.a. Considering the rotation
Identify those levers used at the rotation scale in the current CSa Suggest supplementary levers for implementation (Support sheet S4)
2.b. Considering the CMP
Identification of levers for implementation at the CMP scale in the current CSa Suggest supplementary levers for implementation (Support sheet S5) Description of the CMPa for the CSa constructed (Calculator – see Support sheet S2 for example)
Step 3: Evaluating alternative cropping systems compared with the initial cropping system
Objectives : � Evaluate the performances of alternative CSa compared with the initial CSa
Multicriteria and qualitative evaluation of the performances of the CSa constructed (Calculator – see Support sheet S6 for example)
Step 4: Discussion of results
Objectives : � Discuss the introduction of alternative systems suggested for the farm
Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme
6
Support sheet S1 : Summary diagram for the diagnosis of the farm (Step 1a)
Prio
rity
tas
ks
Wor
kfor
ce
Equi
pmen
t/m
ater
ial
Loca
tion
of f
ield
s
Farm
er’s
pri
orit
ies
Mili
eu (s
oil/
clim
ate)
Loca
l iss
ues
Cro
p en
emie
s
Prod
ucti
on s
yste
mTe
chni
cal-e
cono
mic
env
iron
men
t
Cro
p se
quen
ces
Cro
p se
quen
ce 1
Cro
p se
quen
ce 2
% on
F:
Cro
ps:
Mos
t com
mon
pla
ntin
g m
etho
d:pl
ough
ing/
SCT/
dire
ct
sow
ing
% on
F:
Cro
ps:
Mos
t com
mon
pla
ntin
g m
etho
d:pl
ough
ing/
SCT/
dire
ct
sow
ing
Cro
p se
quen
ce 3
Cro
p se
quen
ce 4
% on
F:
Cro
ps:
Mos
t com
mon
pla
ntin
g m
etho
d:pl
ough
ing/
SCT/
dire
ct
sow
ing
% on
F:
Cro
ps:
Mos
t com
mon
pla
ntin
g m
etho
d:pl
ough
ing/
SCT/
dire
ct
sow
ing
Dat
e :
Far
m :
(Acc
ordi
ng to
Cap
illon
, Vog
rinci
c et
al.)
The
diag
ram
sho
uld
be c
ompl
eted
by
high
light
ing
the
asse
ts a
nd c
onst
rain
ts o
f the
farm
for e
ach
of th
e cr
iteria
abo
ve. A
list
of q
uest
ions
is
supp
lied
in H
elp
shee
t H1
for c
ompl
etin
g th
e ta
ble.
Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme
7
Support sheet S2 : Description of the current CS (Step 1b)
Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme
For this programme the identification of practices is made directly in the calculator.An example of the relevant sheet for practices is presented below, showing how it should be completed.
8 Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme
Support sheet S3 : Evaluation of the current CS (Step 1c)
The evaluation for this programme is made with the help of the calculator. Below is an example of the results obtained.
9
Support sheet S4 : Introduction of alternative solutions available for integrated crop management at the rotation scale (Step 2a)
Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme
To complete this table, refer to help sheet H3 for the characteristics of arable crops.
The objective of this table is to make it possible to rapidly see which practices have already been implemented by the farmer and those which could be used in alternative CSa. In no case is the objective to introduce all these levers in the CSa: according to the objectives and the constraints of the farmer, the task is to find a combination of practices to limit the pest pressure he is faced with.
Date : Farm :
Implementation by the farmer
Targets in the pest cycle
Technical solutions available Indicators
Implementationin current CS
Implementationin alternative
CS 1
Implementationin alternative
CS 2
Rotation : Rotation : Rotation :
Probably yes
Probably no
Probably yes
Probably no
Probably yes
Probably no
Limit the pres-ence of pests in general in the crops
Diversify families and species in the rotation to break the pest cycle, taking into account the time period before the return of crops and the possible precedents
Absence of precedents to be avoided
Limit the presence of diseases in the crops
Diversify families and species in the rotation to break the pest cycle, taking into account the time period before the return of crops and the possible precedents
At least two different families
At least three different species cultivated
Respect for time period between same crop
Limit the specia-lisation of weed flora and reduce the seed bank
Diversify families and species in the rotation for ‘despecialising’ weed flora
At least three sowing periods in four
Ratio of autumn crops to spring crops close to 2/3
Reduce the population of animal pests in the field
Introduce a long fallow period one year in three to allow tillage
At least one long fallow period every three years
Add nitrogen to the system
Introduce at least one legu-minous crop into the rotation
At least ¼ of legu-minous crop in the rotation
Maintain level of OM in the soil
Sowing a grain crop retur-ning straw at least one year in three
At least one grain crop returning straw every three years
Trap nitrogen in the soil in winter period
Follow a leguminous crop by a winter crop with high N demand or, as a default, a cover crop
A leguminous crop fol-lowed by a winter crop with high N demand
Maintain che-mical fertility of soil
Alternate crops with high PK demand with less demanding crops
Less than 30% of crops with high P demand
Less than 30% of crops with high K demand
Strategies concerned with crop protection
10 Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme
Support sheet S4 : Introduction of alternative solutions available for integrated crop management at the rotation scale (Step 2a)
Remark :The interactions which would take place during the introduction of these practices are not taken into account here.The effects of implementing these strategies on a given system depend on the soil and weather conditions in which the system is situated. Thus, the contribution of straw to the level of organic matter in the soil depends on the climate; in hot and wet climates, mineralisation of organic matter occurs faster.Finally, it is important to consider tillage at the same time as the crop sequence. Indeed, the interaction between these two elements has an important role in the management of pests.
11
Support sheet S5 : Mechanisms and introduction of alternative technical solu-tions available for crop protection at the CMP scale (Step 2b)
Dat
e :
Farm
:
The
obje
ctiv
e of
thi
s ta
ble
is t
o m
ake
it po
ssib
le t
o ra
pidl
y se
e w
hich
pra
ctic
es h
ave
alre
ady
been
impl
emen
ted
by t
he f
arm
er a
nd t
hose
whi
ch c
ould
be
used
in
alte
rnat
ive
CSa .
In n
o ca
se is
the
obje
ctiv
e to
intr
oduc
e al
l the
se le
vers
in th
e C
Sa : a
ccor
ding
to th
e ob
ject
ives
and
the
cons
trai
nts
of th
e fa
rmer
, the
task
is to
find
a
ombi
natio
n of
pra
ctic
es to
lim
it th
e pe
st p
ress
ure
he is
face
d w
ith.
Inte
ract
ions
bet
wee
n pr
acti
ces,
cro
p st
atus
and
pes
t cy
cle
for
wee
ds
Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme
TO B
E C
OPI
ED S
EVER
AL
TIM
ES F
OR
USE
IN T
HE
IMPL
EMEN
TATI
ON
OF
THE
PRO
GRA
MM
E
WEEDS
12
A. W
EED
S
Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme
Support sheet S5 : Mechanisms and introduction of alternative technical solu-tions available for crop protection at the CMP scale (Step 2b)
Obj
ecti
ves
Tech
nica
l sol
utio
ns a
vaila
ble
Impl
emen
tati
on in
curr
ent
CS
Impl
emen
tati
on in
alte
rnat
ive
CS1
Impl
emen
tati
on in
alte
rnat
ive
CS2
Prob
ably
yes
Prob
ably
no
Prob
ably
yes
Prob
ably
no
Prob
ably
yes
Prob
ably
no
Limit observed injury
Redu
ce s
eed
bank
–
brea
k w
eed
cycl
e
Div
ersi
ficat
ion
of th
e cr
op r
otat
ion
(alte
rnat
ing
sow
ing
perio
ds a
nd
grow
ing
met
hods
, int
rodu
ctio
n of
co
ver
crop
s)
Tilla
ge (s
tubb
le c
lean
ing,
plo
ughi
ng
etc.
) – in
con
junc
tion
with
the
crop
ro
tatio
n –
to b
ury
seed
s
Stal
e se
ed b
eds:
to g
erm
inat
e w
eeds
Des
troy
wee
ds
Tilla
ge (s
tubb
le-c
lean
ing,
plo
ughi
ng
etc.
)
Stal
e se
ed b
eds
Mec
hani
cal w
eedi
ngU
se o
f cov
er c
rops
Avoi
ding
ext
erna
l co
ntam
inat
ion
Lim
itin
g co
ntam
inat
ion
by e
quip
-m
ent
Limit crop loss
Lim
it th
e pe
riods
w
hen
the
plan
t is
in
com
petit
ion
with
the
wee
d
Shif
ting
sow
ing
date
Mak
e th
e cr
op c
anop
y co
mpe
titiv
e w
ith
wee
ds
Adju
stm
ent
of n
itro
gen
inpu
ts to
th
e pr
oduc
tion
need
s of
the
crop
to
enco
urag
e its
dev
elop
men
t
Shif
ting
sow
ing
date
Incr
ease
sow
ing
dens
ity,
red
uce
spac
ing
betw
een
row
sC
ombi
nati
on o
f spe
cies
and
va
riet
ies
Cho
ice
of c
ompe
titi
ve v
arie
ties
(a
ccor
ding
to th
eir
phen
olog
ical
ch
arac
teris
tics)
13
Inte
ract
ions
bet
wee
n pr
acti
ces,
cro
p st
atus
and
pes
t cy
cle
for
path
ogen
s re
spon
sibl
e fo
r di
seas
es
Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme
Support sheet S5 : Mechanisms and introduction of alternative technical solu-tions available for crop protection at the CMP scale (Step 2b)
DISEASES
TO B
E C
OPI
ED S
EVER
AL
TIM
ES F
OR
USE
IN T
HE
IMPL
EMEN
TATI
ON
OF
THE
PRO
GRA
MM
E
14 Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme
Support sheet S5 : Mechanisms and introduction of alternative technical solu-tions available for crop protection at the CMP scale (Step 2b)
Obj
ecti
ves
Tech
nica
l sol
utio
ns a
vaila
ble
Impl
emen
tati
on in
curr
ent
CS
Impl
emen
tati
on in
alte
rnat
ive
CS1
Impl
emen
tati
on in
alte
rnat
ive
CS2
Prob
ably
yes
Prob
ably
no
Prob
ably
yes
Prob
ably
no
Prob
ably
yes
Prob
ably
no
Limit observed injury
Redu
ce s
ourc
e of
inoc
u-lu
m –
bre
ak th
e di
seas
e cy
cle
Div
ersi
ficat
ion
of th
e ro
tati
on (d
iver
-si
ficat
ion
of c
rops
, res
pect
for
reco
m-
men
ded
times
bef
ore
retu
rn o
f cro
p) =
> fo
r so
il-bo
rne
dise
ases
Tilla
ge to
bur
y cr
op r
esid
ues
– in
co
njun
ctio
n w
ith r
otat
ion
=> fo
r di
seas
es
whi
ch c
an s
urvi
ve o
n re
sidu
es
Shre
ddin
g of
cro
p re
sidu
es =
> fo
r di
seas
es w
hich
can
sur
vive
on
resi
dues
Des
truc
tion
of v
olun
teer
s an
d ho
st
wee
ds =
> fo
r di
seas
es w
hich
can
sur
vive
on
ly o
n liv
ing
plan
ts
Biol
ogic
al c
ontr
ol
Avoi
ding
ext
erna
l con
ta-
min
atio
n
Cho
ice
of u
ncon
tam
inat
ed s
eed
Lim
itin
g co
ntam
inat
ion
by e
quip
men
tLi
miti
ng d
ispe
rsio
n be
twee
n fie
lds
thro
ugh
land
scap
e m
anag
emen
tLi
mit
cont
act s
urfa
ces
betw
een
targ
et c
rop
and
pest
Adju
stm
ent
of n
itro
gen
inpu
ts to
the
prod
uctio
n ne
eds
of th
e cr
op to
lim
it ov
er-d
evel
opm
ent o
f fol
iar
surf
aces
Lim
it di
sper
sion
of t
he
dise
ase
with
in th
e fie
ldRe
duct
ion
of s
owin
g de
nsit
yC
ombi
nati
on o
f spe
cies
and
var
ieti
esC
reat
e a
mic
rocl
imat
e un
favo
urab
le fo
r di
seas
e de
velo
pmen
t
Redu
ctio
n of
sow
ing
dens
ity
Boos
t res
ista
nce
of
cano
py to
dis
ease
sC
hoic
e of
res
ista
nt v
arie
ties
Com
bina
tion
of v
arie
ties
Ensu
re th
e du
rabi
lity
of
resi
stan
ceC
ombi
nati
on o
f spe
cies
and
var
ieti
es
Limit crop loss
Incr
ease
the
tole
ranc
e of
th
e ca
nopy
to d
isea
ses
Cho
ice
of r
esis
tant
var
ieti
es
Lim
it pe
riods
whe
n pl
ant
is in
con
tact
with
pes
t in
cont
amin
atio
n ph
ase
and
thus
vul
nera
ble
Shif
ting
sow
ing
date
A. D
ISEA
SES
15
Inte
ract
ions
bet
wee
n pr
acti
ces,
cro
p st
atus
and
pes
t cy
cle
for
anim
al p
ests
Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme
Support sheet S5 : Mechanisms and introduction of alternative technical solu-tions available for crop protection at the CMP scale (Step 2b)
TO B
E C
OPI
ED S
EVER
AL
TIM
ES F
OR
USE
IN T
HE
IMPL
EMEN
TATI
ON
OF
THE
PRO
GRA
MM
E
ANIMAL PESTS
16 Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme
Support sheet S5 : Mechanisms and introduction of alternative technical solu-tions available for crop protection at the CMP scale (Step 2b)
Obj
ecti
ves
Tech
nica
l sol
utio
ns a
vaila
ble
Impl
emen
tati
on in
curr
ent
CS
Impl
emen
tati
on in
alte
rnat
ive
CS1
Impl
emen
tati
on in
alte
rnat
ive
CS2
Prob
ably
yes
Prob
ably
no
Prob
ably
yes
Prob
ably
no
Prob
ably
yes
Prob
ably
no
Limit observed injury
Brea
k th
e cy
cle
of s
oil-
born
e pe
sts
(for
exa
mpl
e,
nem
atod
es)
Div
ersi
ficat
ion
of th
e ro
tati
on (a
ltern
a-tin
g ho
st a
nd n
on-h
ost c
rops
)
Shre
ddin
g of
cro
p re
sidu
esTi
llage
in c
onju
ncti
on w
ith
rota
tion
Des
truc
tion
of v
olun
teer
s an
d w
eed
host
s
Redu
ce p
est p
opul
atio
ns
Biol
ogic
al c
ontr
olEn
cour
age
bene
fici
als
thro
ugh
land
s-ca
pe m
anag
emen
t an
d by
lim
itin
g th
e us
e of
pes
tici
des,
thro
ugh
the
com
bina
-ti
on o
f spe
cies
/var
ieti
es a
nd t
hrou
gh
limit
ing
fiel
d si
ze
Lim
it pe
st d
ispe
rsal
be
twee
n fie
lds
Land
scap
e m
anag
emen
t (he
dges
, gra
ss
strip
s et
c.)
Cre
atio
n of
pus
h/pu
ll zo
nes
Cre
atio
n of
trap
cro
ps
Lim
it pe
riods
whe
n pl
ant
is in
con
tact
with
pes
tSh
ifti
ng s
owin
g da
te
Lim
it co
ntac
t sur
face
be
twee
n ta
rget
cro
p an
d pe
st
Adju
stm
ent
of n
itro
gen
inpu
ts to
the
prod
uctio
n ne
eds
of th
e cr
op to
lim
it ov
er-d
evel
opm
ent o
f fol
iar
surf
aces
Redu
ctio
n of
sow
ing
dens
ity
Com
bina
tion
of s
peci
es a
nd v
arie
ties
Boos
t res
ista
nce
of
cano
py to
pes
tsC
hoic
e of
res
ista
nt v
arie
ties
Limit crop loss
Boos
t tol
eran
ce o
f can
opy
to p
ests
Cho
ice
of t
oler
ant
vari
etie
s
Hav
e a
crop
with
low
su
scep
tibili
ty to
pes
tsA
ssur
e a
good
leve
l of n
itro
gen
nutr
i-ti
on s
o th
e pl
ant i
s m
ore
vigo
rous
Lim
it pe
riods
whe
n pl
ant
is in
con
tact
with
pes
t in
cont
amin
atio
n ph
ase
and
thus
vul
nera
ble
Shif
ting
sow
ing
date
In it
alic
s, p
rote
ctio
n m
etho
ds w
orki
ng a
t sca
les
othe
r tha
n th
e fie
ld s
cale
.
A. A
NIM
AL
PEST
S
17Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme
Support sheet S6 : Evaluation of alternative CS (Step 3)
18 Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme
19Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides / Support sheets – Comprehensive programme
Artwork produced by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestand adapted for the English version by L’attitude 49
Cover photograph : Pascal Xicluna
Original version (French) February 2011English translation 2013
www.systemesdecultureinnovants.org www.endure-network.eu
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