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7/25/2019 Practical Applications of management concepts
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ranya Dissanayake
ractical
pplications of
Management
oncepts
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Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................
1.0 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................
2.0 WAYMBA UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA.................................................................
3.0 CULTURE.......................................................................................................................
3.1 FUNCTIONSOFORGANIZATIONALCULTURE..................................................................
3.2 THEORIESOFCULTURE..................................................................................................
3.2.1 Levels of culture-Edger Schein..............................................................................
3.2.2 Cultural web- Johnson...........................................................................................
3.2.3 Deal and Kenned!s Culture "#es........................................................................
3.2.$ "#es of culture-Charles %and............................................................................
3.2.& Cultural 'ceberg-(rench and )ell........................................................................
4.0 CULTURE AT WAYAMBA UNIVERSITY................................................................
4.1 LEVELSOFCULTUREILLUSTRATIONUSINGWAYAMBAUNIVERSITY......................... .
4.2 CULTURALWEBILLUSTRATIONUSINGWAYAMBAUNIVERSITY..................................
4.3 CULTURALICEBERG.....................................................................................................
5.0 ORGANIZING..............................................................................................................
5.1 ORGANIZATIONSTRUCTURE.........................................................................................
5.2 ELEMENTSOFORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTURE.............................................................
5.3 DIFFERENTTYPESOFORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTURE..................................................
&.3.1 (unctional structures...........................................................................................
&.3.2 Divisional structures............................................................................................
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&.3.3 *atri+ structure...................................................................................................
&.3.$ "ea, structures....................................................................................................
&.3.& etwor structures...............................................................................................
&.3./ )oundarless organi0ations.................................................................................
6.0 ORGANIZING AT WAYMBA UNIVERSITY...........................................................
6.1 ORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTUREATWAYMBA UNIVERSITY.........................................
6.2 COMMON ELEMENTS OF ORGANIZATION!ENRY MINTZBERG.............
6.3 THEELEMENTSOFORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTURE......................................................
".0 MOTIVATION..............................................................................................................
7.1 BASICMOTIVATIONALCONCEPTS.................................................................................
7.2 TYPESOFMOTIVATIONTHEORIES................................................................................
.2.1 %ierarch of needs theor....................................................................................
.2.2 E theor..........................................................................................................
.2.3 "wo-factor theor.................................................................................................
.2.$ 4c5uired needs theor.........................................................................................
7.3 PROCESSTHEORIESOFMOTIVATION.......................................................................
.3.1 E5uit theor........................................................................................................
.3.2 E+#ectanc theor................................................................................................
.3.3 oal-setting theor..............................................................................................
7.4 FUNDAMENTALSOFREINFORCEMENTTHEORY.......................................................
#.0 MOTIVATION AT WAYAMBA UNIVERSITY.........................................................
!.1 HIERARCHYOFNEEDSTHEORYOFMASLOW...............................................................
!.2 E"UITYTHEORYATWAYMBAUNIVERSITY................................................................
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$.0 CONTROL....................................................................................................................
#.1 TYPESOFCONTROL.....................................................................................................
6.1.1 (eed forward Controls.........................................................................................
6.1.2 Concurrent Controls............................................................................................
6.1.3 (eedbac Controls...............................................................................................
#.3 STEPSINCONTROLLINGPROCESS................................................................................
#.4 THREEORGANIZATIONALCONTROLSYSTEMS............................................................
6.$.1 7ut#ut Control.....................................................................................................
6.$.2 )ehavior Control.................................................................................................
6.$.3 )ureaucratic Control...........................................................................................
6.$.$ Clan Control........................................................................................................
10.0 CONTROL AT WAYAMBA UNIVERSITY...........................................................
1$.1 SENATES...................................................................................................................
1$.2 GOVERNINGCOUNCILS............................................................................................
1$.3 BUDGETPRACTICESANDFINANCIALMANAGEMENT..............................................
1$.4 VISITINGCOMMITTEESANDACCREDITATION..........................................................
1$.5 INTERNATIONALCHARTERSANDHANDBOO%S........................................................
11.0 CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................
12.0 REFERENCES..........................................................................................................
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Executive Summary
T&'( )*+,)- &( +)*+)*/ -, +),0'/* -&* +)-' ++'-', , -&* ,*/* ,8-'*/ - -&**-9)* (*((',(. I &0* (**-*/ W:;8 U'0*)('-: , S)' L ,) -&'( +9)+,(* ;':
8*9(* I ; 9))*-: ,)' ' -&'( ,)' / ';+,)-* , ,-), -, ,)'
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1.0 Introduction
U/*) -&* M*;*- / O)' ,)' --'-9/*(> ?,8
&'*0*;*-> *-.
T&* 0(- ,*/* * &0* ,8-'*/ - -&* ;*;*- / ,)' ,)' ,)'
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2.0 Waymba University of Sri Lanka
T&* W:;8 C;+9( , -&* R?)- U'0*)('-: , S)' L ( *(-8'(&*/ , -&*)*,;;*/-', , C,;;'--** ,('(-' , H,. W'(&0 W)+> D*+9-: M''(-*) ,
E/9-', H'&*) E/9-', ( C&');. O -&* )*,;;*/-', , -&* 8,0*
C,;;'--**> '* A''-*/ U'0*)('-: C,**( (+)*/ ,9- ' 0)',9( +),0'*( , -&* ,9-):
*)* ;*)*/ -, ,); -, -', 9'0*)('-'*(> -&* R?)- / -&* S8);9
U'0*)('-'*( , S)' L , $7-&N,0*;8*) 1##6.
T&* A''-*/ U'0*)('-: C,** , -&* N,)-& W*(-*) P),0'*> &'& ,('(-*/ , -,
/*;' (*-',( ;*: H,;* S'** N9-)'-', / A)'9-9)*> ,)'': ''-*/ -,
-&* U'0*)('-'*( , %*': / P*)/*': )*(+*-'0*:> *)* ;*)*/ -, ,); -&* W:;8
C;+9( / *(-8'(&*/ ' -*);( , -&* +),0'(',( , -&* S*-',( 1! / 47 1 , -&*
U'0*)('-'*( A- N,. 16 , 1#7! / -&* C;+9( B,)/ O)/'* N,. 3 , 1##5.A( +),0'/*/
' -&* A- )**))*/ 8,0*> -, F9-'*( *)* (*- 9+ -, ,); -&* W:;8 C;+9( ;*:>
-&* F9-: , A)'9-9) S'**( / -&* F9-: , A++'*/ S'**(
A,)/' -, -&* )*,;;*/-',( , -&* C,;;'--** / ' ,(9--', '-& -&* U'0*)('-:G)-( C,;;'((',> -* H,,9)8* R'&)/ P-&')> -&* -&* M''(-*) , E/9-', /
H'&*) E/9-', *(-8'(&*/ -&* W:;8 U'0*)('-: , S)' L '-& **- ),; $1 (-,
O-,8*)> 1### ,) -&* +9)+,(* , +),0'/'> +),;,-' / /*0*,+' &'&*) */9-', '
-&* 8)&*( , *)' , A++'*/ S'**(> B9('*(( S-9/'*( F'*> A)'9-9)*
P--', M*;*- / L'0*(-,> F'(&*)'*( N9-)'-',.
A,)/':> -&* ,,' F9-'*( / D*+)-;*-( , S-9/: *)* (('*/ -, -&*
W:;8 U'0*)('-: 8: -&* G,0*);*- N,-''-', ' -&* E=-),)/'): G
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F9-: , L'0*(-, F'(&*)'*( N9-)'-',
T&* W:;8 U'0*)('-: , S)' L ;)*/ /*/* , *='(-** ' 2$$# ('* 8*'
)-*/ -&* 9-,,;,9( (--9( ' 1###. O0*) -&*(* :*)(> -&* ;?,) ,('/*)-', '
/*('' /*)** +),);;*( - -&* W:;8 U'0*)('-: ( -&* +)-''-: / )**0*
, ,9)(*( , (-9/: ,) *;*)' /*0*,+;*- **/( , -&* ,9-):> '-& -&* ,8?*-'0* ,
*(9)' &'& *;+,:8''-: , )/9-*( +),/9*/ 8: -&* F9-'*(. T&* W:;8
U'0*)('-: )/9-*( *)* *=+*-*/ -, 8* *)'&*/ '-& ('*-'' ('( / ,;+*-*'*(
/*;/*/ 8: *;+,:*)(.
I- '( -&* *@9''*/ /*;' (- -&- +),0'/*( -&* ;?,) ';+*-9( ' /*'0*)'
/*;' +),);;*( , -&* F9-'*(. T&* ?9',) (- '( +),0'/*/ '-& -)'' ,+*/,' ('( / ,-&*) (+*-( , (-9/*-*-)*/ *)' 8: -&* S- D*0*,+;*-
U'- , -&* U'0*)('-:. A+)- ),; -&* )*/'-8(*/ *)'> /')*-: ''--*/ 8: -&*
F9-'*(> ('''- ,-)'89-',( )* ;/* 8: -&* E'(& L9* T*&' U'-(>
I,);-', C,;;9'-', T*&,,: C*-)*( / -&* C)**) G9'/* U'- -, *&*
0)'*-: , (-9/*-( ('( -, ';+)- -&- ,;+*-'-'0* */* ' '/' (9'-8* *;+,:;*-
9+, )/9-',.
T&* L'8))'*( , -&* U'0*)('-: &0* 0(-: ';+),0*/ -&*') ''-'*( -, +),0'/* '/*
'/*+*/*- *)' *0'),;*- ,) -&* (-9/*-(> '-& 8,-& -)/'-', / ,'* *(( -,
'8)): )*(,9)*(.F9)-&*)> -&* *=-)9))'9) -)'' +),0'/*/ 8: -&* P&:(' E/9-',
U'- -&),9& 0)'*-: , (+,)-( / ;*( &( 8** **-'0* ' -&* ;' , ;: 0*)(-'*
)/9-*( *)'&*/ '-& (+,)-( ('( / &'*0*;*-( - '-*)9'0*)('-: *0*.
T&* **) '' /;''(-)-', */ 8: -&* R*'(-)) B9)() -,*-&*) '-& -&*')
A/;''(-)-'0* O'*)( &0* ';;*(*: ,-)'89-*/ -, -&* /*0*,+;*- , ;9& **/*/')(-)9-9)* ''-'*(> &'& -&* F9-'*( &0* 9-''
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!r"ani#ationa cuture is defined as $a system of s%ared meanin" %ed by members t%at
distin"uis%es t%e or"ani#ation from ot%er or"ani#ations.& 'n !r"ani#ationa cuture is t%e
basic (attern of s%ared assum(tions) vaues) and beiefs considered to be t%e correct *ay of
t%inkin" about and actin" on (robems and o((ortunities facin" t%e or"ani#ation.
C9-9)* '( -&* (,' 9* -&- &*+( &,/ ,)'
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S-)91-9)*
S-,)'*(
R,9-'3*(
R'-9.2(S:;8,2(
+,6*)
C,3-),2
3.2.1 Leves of cutureEd"er Sc%ein
S&'* '/*-''*( -&* ,,' *0*( , 9-9)*
1. A)-'-( -&* 9-9)* 8* '/*-''*/ 8(*/ , (:;8,(> *=+)*((',( / 0'('8*
'(-)9-',( 8(*/ , +)-'9) ,)'
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*0'),;*-. B: : :,9 8*' -, (** -&* 8'*) +'-9)*
, :,9) 9-9)* &- '( ,)'> &- '(- ,)'> / &- **/( -, 8* &*/.
T&* ('= **;*-( )*
1. S%&'()*K T&* +(- *0*-( / +*,+* -*/ 8,9- '('/* / ,9-('/* -&* ,;+:.
W&, / &- -&* ,;+: &,,(*( -, ';;,)-' &, +9(& -&*
,'*( )*> / -&* ,); ,) ',); /)*(( ,/*(.
4. O',(,%(&,- S%'+%+') K T&'( '9/*( 8,-& -&* (-)9-9)* /*'*/ 8: -&*
,)' / )*)/( '9/' -&* : -&*: )* ;*(9)*/
/ /'(-)'89-*/ '-&' -&* ,)' ,) *0* /*+)-;*-. T&*
*: '( -&- -&*(* +*,+* &0* -&* )*-*(- ;,9- , '9** , /*'(',(>
,+*)-',(> / (-)-*' /')*-',.
3.2.3 +ea and ,ennedys Cuture y(es
7. B: *=;'' -&*(* 9-9) **;*-( ),(( 0)'*-: , ,)'
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10. i"ure 1 +ea and ,ennedys Cutura y(es
11.
12. T&* @9/)-( , -&'( ;-)'= )* *=+'*/ 8*,
T&+8G+9 M,8&K T&'( 9-9)* ,-'( ,)/ , '/'0'/9'(-( &, *?,: )'(
/ &, *- @9' **/8 , -&*') /*'(',(. T&'( '( ,),-&' 9-9)* &*)*
(9*((9 *;+,:**( )* -&* ,*( &, *?,: *='-*;*- / ,) 0*): &)/ -, 8*
(-)(. T&* *-*)-';*- '/9(-):> (+,)-( -*;( / /0*)-'(' )* )*- *=;+*( ,
-&'( 9-9) -:+*.
W&': !,'/;-, !,'/ K T&'( 9-9)* '( -&* ,)/ , (*( ;, ,-&*)(.
E;+,:**( -&*;(*0*( -* * )'(( &,*0*)> -&* **/8 , &, * -&*: )*
+*),);' '( ;,(- ';;*/'-*. E;+,:**( ' -&'( 9-9)* &0* -, ;'-' &'&
*0*( , **): / (-: 9+8*-. H*),*( ' (9& 9-9)*( )* &'& 0,9;* (*(+*,+*.
B)%Y&+'C& -&* 9-9)* '( ,* ' &'& /*'(',( )* &'& )'( 89-
*;+,:**( ;: '- :*)( 8*,)* -&*: , &*-&*) -&*') -',( -9: +'/ ,.P&);*9-' ,;+'*( )* ,80',9( *=;+* , -&'( 9-9)*> ( )* ,' / (
,;+'*(> )&'-*-9) ');( / ,)' +'-'-*('0*
'/9(-)'*(.
'&)**K I -&'( 9-9)*> **/8 '( (,> / -&* )'(( )* ,. L)* )*-'*)(>
8(> '(9)* ,;+'*( / ,0*);*- ,)'
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3.2.4 y(es of cutureC%ares 5andy
13. H/: (9*(-( -&- * ((': ,)' ,)' &'& *'-&*) 8* *=-)*;*: )* ,) (;. T&* ;': ,+*)-', '-& (-)'-
)*(+,('8''-'*( ,' -, ;': ;*;8*)( )*(+,('8''-: '0* -,
+*)(,'-'*( )-&*) -& *=+*)-'(* )*-*( -&* +,*) (-)9-9)* , -&*
*8.
16. %e roe cuture
17. T&'( &( 8** -:+''*/ ( G)** -*;+* / &( ,-* 8** (-*)*,-:+*/ ( +,)-):'
89)*9): ' '-( +9)*(- ,);. T&* +*= , -&* -*;+* '( &*)* -&* /*'(', ;' -*(
+* -&* +')( , -&* -*;+* )**- -&* 9-', 9'-( , -&* ,)' +),*/9)*(> )9*( / (:(-*;(. T&'( '( 0*): ;9& ,)'
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9-9)* '( -:+''*/ 8: )-','-: / (' ''(,> ,;;9'-', /
'-*)-', )* -&* ;*( &*)*8: -&* ,)' &*)* -&* '/'0'/9('-&' -&* (-)9-9)* /*-*);'* ,*-'0*: -&* +-&
&'& -&* ,)' *-.> 89- '- '( ,-
++),+)'-* ,) 89('*(( ,)'
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24.
25. I*8*) ;,/* , 9-9)* )*/) ),; F)*& / B* 1##5
26. T&* '*8*) ;*-+&,) , 9-9)* (&, ' F'9)* '9(-)-*( -&* &'//* 09*( -&-
9/*): &9; ,;;9'-', / /*(' *=+)*((',(> ?9(- ( -&* )*) +)- ,
'*8*) '( &'//* 9/*) -&* (* *0* F)*& B*> 1##5. O: (; +)- , 9-9)*
'( 0'('8* - -&* (9)*
2:.
27.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
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4.0 Cuture at Wayamba University
3.
37. W:;8 U'0*)('-: &( *(-8'(&*/ 9/*) R?)- U'0*)('-:. T&*)*,)* -&*9-9)* , -&* 9'0*)('-: &( ';+- 8: -&* 9-9)* - R?)- U'0*)('-:.B9- -*) -&*
'/*+*/** -&*: &0* *(-8'(&*/ 9'@9* 9-9)* '-& (*0*) *: &)-*)'(-'(.
W:;8 U'0*)('-: &( ;'=-9)* , 9-9)*. W'-& -&* 9'0*)('-: (*0*) 9-'*(
*=&'8'- /'*)*- -:+*( , 9-9)* &'& )* (989-9)*( , -&* ,0*) 9'0*)('-: /
-&* , /*;'( / /;''(-)-'0* (- &( /'*)*- (98 9-9)*(.
3!. A,)/' -, R*(*)&*) J*)*: S,**/ W:;8 U'0*)('-: &(
A,/) C+-%+').E;+,:**( )* &'&: ('*/ / -*/ -, (-: ' -&* ,)' *-.
T*; ,)> *='8''-: / ,;;'-;*- -, &'*0' -&* /*+)-;*- ,8?*-'0*( -&* +,*)
/ '9** -*/ -, 8* 8(*/ , (+*''(- ,*/* / *=+*)- +,*) , -&* )**0-
(98?*- '*/. C)*-'0'-: '( *,9)*/ / ?,8 (-'(-', -*/( -, 8* &'& ' -&*
*-9)*)( 8*9(* -&* /*)** , '/'0'/9 +)-''+-', '( &'&.
42.
4.1 Leves of cuture iustration usin" Wayamba University
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1. A)-'-( W:;8 U'0*)('-: A/;''(-)-'0* B9'/' 8* ,('/*)*/ (
)-'-(. F9)-&*);,)* -&*)* )* *)-' ,,)( ,) 9'0*)('-: / ,9)
/*+)-;*- ,,) '( ;),,. A- -&* A,9-' D: , -&* (- *)(
;),, ,,) ()**( -, )**- -&'(.
2. V9*( W&* I )*)9'-*/ -, -&* 9'0*)('-: I &0* -9&- 8: -&* H*/ 8,9- -&* 09*(.
M': -&* )*(+*-( ,) (*',)'-:> P9-9'-: ,) *-9)*)(> ,,)+*)-', )* (,;* , -&*
09*(.
3. N,);( O9) F9-: '( 9'@9* ,;+)* '-& ,-&*) 9-'*( / ,-&*) 9'0*)('-'*(. T&*
*-9)*)( *) ()**( *0*):/: '(-*/ , &0' *-9)*)( ,) ,-. T&'( '( ;': /9* -, -&*
8*'* -&- '- '( ';+,)-- -, ;'-' )*(+*-. O9) (-9/*-( (, /'*)*-'-*/ ),; ,-&*)
9-'*( / ,-&*) 9'0*)('-'*(. T&*(* (-9/*-( )* &/( , -&* )*(+*- -, -&* *-9)*)( 8:
(-/' 9+ &* -&*: (** -&* *-9)*)(.4. B(' ((9;+-',( M' ((9;+-',( ' -&* 9'0*)('-: '( '/'0'/9'(-' 0'* ,); /
'/'0'/9 )*(+,('8''-: ' 8* (('*/ -, '/'0'/9 *-9)*) / (9*(( ,) '9)* )'(
'( 8,)* 8: -&*;.
4.2 Cutura *eb iustration usin" Wayamba University
43. Stories
44. W&* * ,('/*) -&* F9-: , B9('*(( S-9/'*( / F'* (-)-*/ 8: P),. E.S.
W');('&* / -&*)* '( ;: (-,)'*( &, &* (-)- -&* 9-:. P)*0',9(: W:;8
U'0*)('-: ( +)- , R?)- U'0*)('-: / P),*((,) ( S*',) L*-9)*) -
M*;*- F9-: , C,,;8, U'0*)('-:. H* &( (-)-*/ -&* F9-: '-& )*-
*,)- 8: (*)&' -&* /*-'( 8,9- -&* M*;*- 9-'*( ' S)' L.
48. ;outines
46. T&*)* )* ),9-'* +),*((*( (9& ( *-9)'> )*(*)& ,)> *=;'-',( / ++*)
;)' ' -&* 9'0*)('-: /*;'(. A/;''(-)-'0* ,'*)( )* ,/9-' -&*
/;''(-)-', ,) )*-*/ -, -&* '*> &9; )*(,9)* / **) /;''(-)-',. A(
+*) , /*;'( -&*: &0* -, )*9) --*/* / ,); *)' / ,-&*) /9-'*(.
4:.
47. ;ituas
4#. A( +*) ,0*) 9'0*)('-: ,*) -&*)* '( ,0,-', '( -&* &'&: (+*''
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,8,)-', , -&* 9'0*)('-: (-. T&'( ' 8* ,)' R*'(-)) / D* , -&* F9-'*(. O)'
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4.3 Cultural Iceberg
6$. I W:;8 U'0*)('-: * 8* ,8(*)0*/ -&* **8)-',(> ,)'(> -'0'-'*(> )9*(
/ )*9-',(> *-. B9- ;,(- +)- , -&* 9-9)* '( &'//*. I.*. )* 9-9)* '( ,- 0'('8*
-, *0*):,*. A( * *)* 9'0*)('-: (-9/*-( * ,9/- ,8(*)0* -&* )* ,)/ ,*-9)*)(. B9- , I ; *-9)*) I (** 8,9- -&* --'-9/*( 8,9- (-9/*-(>
,;;9'-',(> ;,-'0-',> )* (*)0'*> /*(')*( / +*)(,'-:. I ,9) 9'0*)('-:
*-9)*)( )* -&'' -, +(( -&* (-9/*-( / -&*: :( -&' -&* (-9/*-( &0* -&*
-*-( / (,;* )* '*/ /9* -, -&* 9* +),8*;. T&*)*,)* -&* *-9)*)( )* ;,)*
('*)* --'-9/* -,)/( (-9/*-(. B9- -&'( '( ,- 0'('8*. P*)(,'-: , *-9)*)( '(
)'*/: / (9++,)-'0* 89- '- '( (, ,- 0'('8*. B*9(* * -&,9&- -&*: )* 0*): +),9/
/ -&- (-*)*,-:+' '( ,- -9 ' )* ,-*=-.
61.
62. .
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
6!.
6#.
7$.
71.
72.
73.
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8.0 !r"ani#in"
!4.
75. A,)/' -, S-,*)> F)**; / G'8*)- O)' 9-&,)'-:> / )*(,9)*( ;, ,)'
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D(=(*(& &> W&':
B)*' ,;+*-* / ,;+*= ,) /, ' -, (; / (';+* ?,8( ' &'& *&
,)*) (+*''
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8.3 +ifferent ty(es of or"ani#ationa structure
8.3.1 unctiona structures
I -&'( (-)9-9)* +*,+* '-& (';') ('( / +*),);' (';') -(( )* ),9+*/ -,*-&*)
'-, ,); ,) 9'-(. M*;8*)( ,) ' -&*') 9-', )*( , *=+*)-'(*. T&*: )* ,-
';'-*/ -, 89('*((*(. W,) * ,) (; ,)' (*)0* (';')
9(-,;*)(> /,) )* ,-*/ ' -&* (;* )* ,) *,)+&' )*',. T&'( '( ,;;, '
,;+*= ,)'
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5.3.3 Matri structure
T&'( (-)9-9)* ,;8'*( 9-', / /'0'(', (-)9-9)*( -, ' /0-*( / ;'';'S*)0'* '/9(-)'*(>P),*((',
'*/(>N,+),'- (*-,) / M9-'-', ,)+,)-',(.
eam structures
K Extensivey use (ermanent and tem(orary teams to sove (robems) com(etes(ecia (ro=ects) and accom(is% daytoday tasks.
K !ften use crossfunctiona teams.
8.3.4 eam structures
T&'( (-)9-9)* *=-*('0*: 9(*( +*);*- / -*;+,)): -*;( -, (,0* +),8*;(> ,;+*-*
(+*' +),?*-(> / ,;+'(& /:-,/: -((. O-* 9(* ),((9-', -*;(.
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8.3.8 >et*ork structures
I -&'( (-)9-9)* *-) ,)* -&- '( '*/ -&),9& *-,)( , )*-',(&'+( '-& ,9-('/*
,-)-,)( / (9++'*)( , *((*-' (*)0'*(. O ,: ,)* ,;+,*-( / 9(* (-)-*'
'*( ,) ,9-(,9)' -, +),0'/* ,-&*) ,;+,*-(.
8.3.6 9oundaryess or"ani#ations
T&'( (-)9-9)* *';'-*( '-*) 8,9/)'*( ;, (98(:(-*;( / *=-*) 8,9/)'*( '-&
-&* *=-*) *0'),;*-.A ,;8'-', , -*; / *-,) (-)9-9)*(> '-& -&* //'-', ,
-*;+,))'*((.%*: )*@9')*;*-(
A8(** , &'*))&:.
E;+,*);*- , -*; ;*;8*)(
.T*&,,: 9-''
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V'1*C&.31*22,)
D*+9-: V'1*
C&.31*22,)
A1./*;'1
D*.3( ,4 -&*F.192-'*(
D')*1-,)E=-*)3.2R*2.-',3(
R*7'(-.)
G*3*).2A/;'3'(-).-',3
B9)(.)F'3.31'.2A/;'3'(-).-',3
6.0 !r"ani#in" at Waymba University
6.1 !r"ani#ationa Structure at Waymba University
T&'( '( -&* 8(' ,)'
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S-)-*' A+*= KV'* C&*,) '( -&* S-)-*' A+*= , -&* U'0*)('-:
M'//* L'* KD* , -&* 9-'*( / S*',) R*'(-))( )* M'//* L'*.
T*&,(-)9-9)* KIT (-> L'8)): (- 8* ,('/*)*/ ( T*&,(-)9-9)* -W:;8 U'0*)('-:.
S9++,)- S- A(('(-- R*'(-)) / A(('(-- B9)() / ,-&*) , /*;' (-
8* ,('/*)*/ ( T*&,(-)9-9)*
6.3 %e eements of !r"ani#ationa structure
D(=(*(& &> W&':
I W:;8 U'0*)('-: -&* -(( )* /'0'/*/ ,)/' -, -&* 9-'*(. T&* -(( , -&*
,),/ - F9-'*( )* /'0'/*/ ,)/' -, -&* /*+)-;*-(. D*+)-;*- ,),/ '(
/'0'/*/ ;, /*;' / , /*;' (-.
I/*+*/*-: -&* /;''(-)-'0* / *)' ,)( )* /'0'/*/ ;, /;''(-)-'0* /
, /*;' (-.
D)
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o D*+)-;*- , C,;+9-' I,);-', S:(-*;(
o D*+)-;*- , E*-),'(
o D*+)-;*- , I/9(-)' M*;*-
o D*+)-;*- , M-&*;-' S'**(
F9-: , B9('*(( S-9/'*( F'*
o D*+)-;*- , A,9-:
o D*+)-;*- , B9('*(( M*;*-
o D*+)-;*- , B' / F'*
o D*+)-;*- , I(9)* / V9-',
F9-: , L'0*(-, F'(&*)'*( N9-)'-',
o D*+)-;*- , A@99-9)* F'(&*)'*(
o D*+)-;*- , A++'*/ N9-)'-',
o D*+)-;*- , F,,/ S'** T*&,,:
o D*+)-;*- , L'0*(-, A0' S'**
C8,( &> C&,/A,)/' -, -&* ,)'
&*/( (&,9/ )*+,)- -, -&* D*. D* (&,9/ 8* )*+,)-*/ -, V'* C&*,). N, /*;'
(- (&,9/ 8* )*+,)-*/ A(('(-- R*'(-))( / -&*: )* )*(+,('8* ,) R*'(-)).
S M,,))%
T&'( '( /*+*/( , -&* 9-'*(. I ,9) B9('*(( S-9/'*( / F'* F9-: -&*)* )*
,9) &*/( 9/*) -&* D*. I ,9-: /*+)-;*- # /*;' ;*;8*)( / 2 ,
http://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/95-academic/faculties/applied-sciences/department-of-computing-information-systemshttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/95-academic/faculties/applied-sciences/department-of-computing-information-systemshttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/96-academic/faculties/applied-sciences/department-of-electronicshttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/97-academic/faculties/applied-sciences/department-of-industrial-managementhttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/97-academic/faculties/applied-sciences/department-of-industrial-managementhttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/98-academic/faculties/applied-sciences/department-of-mathematical-scienceshttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/90-academic/faculties/business-studies-financehttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/90-academic/faculties/business-studies-financehttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/99-academic/faculties/business-studies-finance/department-of-accountancyhttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/100-academic/faculties/business-studies-finance/department-of-business-managementhttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/101-academic/faculties/business-studies-finance/department-of-banking-and-financehttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/102-academic/faculties/business-studies-finance/department-of-insurance-and-valuationhttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/89-academic/faculties/livestock-fisheries-nutritionhttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/103-academic/faculties/livestock-fisheries-nutrition/department-of-aquaculture-fisherieshttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/104-academic/faculties/livestock-fisheries-nutrition/department-of-applied-nutritonhttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/105-academic/faculties/livestock-fisheries-nutrition/department-of-food-science-technologyhttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/106-academic/faculties/livestock-fisheries-nutrition/department-of-livestock-avian-sciencehttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/95-academic/faculties/applied-sciences/department-of-computing-information-systemshttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/96-academic/faculties/applied-sciences/department-of-electronicshttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/97-academic/faculties/applied-sciences/department-of-industrial-managementhttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/98-academic/faculties/applied-sciences/department-of-mathematical-scienceshttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/90-academic/faculties/business-studies-financehttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/99-academic/faculties/business-studies-finance/department-of-accountancyhttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/100-academic/faculties/business-studies-finance/department-of-business-managementhttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/101-academic/faculties/business-studies-finance/department-of-banking-and-financehttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/102-academic/faculties/business-studies-finance/department-of-insurance-and-valuationhttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/89-academic/faculties/livestock-fisheries-nutritionhttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/103-academic/faculties/livestock-fisheries-nutrition/department-of-aquaculture-fisherieshttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/104-academic/faculties/livestock-fisheries-nutrition/department-of-applied-nutritonhttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/105-academic/faculties/livestock-fisheries-nutrition/department-of-food-science-technologyhttp://www.wyb.ac.lk/academics/106-academic/faculties/livestock-fisheries-nutrition/department-of-livestock-avian-science7/25/2019 Practical Applications of management concepts
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/'*)*- /*+)-;*-(. I,);-', ),9+( ' ,;;9'-* (, ;: *0*-( ' **)-*
: -& -&* ,); ,;;9'-', &*(.
:.0 @otivation
M,-'0-', '( -&* )*(9- , '-*)-', 8*-** -&* +*)(, / ('-9-', '- '( ,-
+*)(, -)'-. I ,-&*) ,)/( ;,-'0-', '( -&* +),*(( 8: &'& +*)(,( *,)-( )*
**)' /')*-*/> / (9(-'*/ -,)/( --'' ,. M,-'0-', ,)( 8*(- &*
'/'0'/9 **/( )* ,;+-'8* '-& ,)'
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T, &'*0* ;=';9; ;,-'0-', +,-*-' '- '( ';+,)-- ' '' )*)/( -,
+*),);*
R*(+*- /'0*)('-: / '/'0'/9 /'*)**( -, 8*(- 9/*)(-/ &- +*,+* -
),; ,).
A,-* )*)/( -, (-'(: -&* '-*)*(-( , 8,-& '/'0'/9( / -&* ,)'
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:.2.1 5ierarc%y of needs t%eory
T&'( -&*,): '( /*0*,+*/ 8: A8)&; M(,. L,*),)/*) / &'&*),)/*) **/( *-
,)+* 8*&0',) / --'-9/*(.
L,*),)/*) **/(
1. P&:(',,'> (*-:> / (,'
**/(.
2. D*(')*( ,) +&:(' / (,' *
8*'.
H'&*),)/*) **/(
1. E(-**; / (*-9'
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G),-& **/( Q /*(')*( ,) ,-'9*/ +(:&,,' ),-& / /*0*,+;*-.
%e different ty(es of individua needs
K A: **/( '9** 8*&0',) - ,* -';*.
K F)9(-)-',)*)*((', +)''+*.
A )*/: (-'('*/ ,*)*0* **/ 8*,;*( )*-'0-*/ &* &'&*)*0* **/ '(
)9(-)-*/
:.2.3 *ofactor t%eory
T&'( -&*,): '( /*0*,+*/ 8: F)*/*)' H*)
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:.2.4 'cDuired needs t%eory
T&'( -&*,): '( /*0*,+*/ 8: D0'/ MC*/.P*,+* @9')* **/( -&),9& -&*') '**=+*)'**(.
N**/( -&- )* @9')*/
N**/ ,) A&'*0*;*-A&
N**/ ,) P,*) P,*)
N**/ ,) A''-',A
>eed for 'c%ievement n'c%F
T&'( ;*( /*(')* -, /, (,;*-&' 8*--*) ,) ;,)* *''*-:> -, (,0* +),8*;(> ,) -,
;(-*) ,;+*= -((. P*,+* &'& ' A& +)**) ,) -&-
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K I0,0*( '/'0'/9 )*(+,('8''-: ,) )*(9-(.
K I0,0*( &'*08* 89- &*' ,(.
K P),0'/*( **/8 , +*),);*.
>eed for
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y(es of (rocess t%eories
K E@9'-: -&*,):.
K E=+*-: -&*,):.
K G,(*--' -&*,):.
:.3.1 EDuity t%eory
T&'( -&*,): '( /*0*,+*/ 8: J. S-: A/;(. W&* +*,+* 8*'*0* -&- -&*: &0* 8**
-)*-*/ 9'): ' ,;+)'(, -, ,-&*)(> -&*: -): -, *';'-* -&* /'(,;,)- / )*(-,)*
+*)*'0*/ (*(* , *@9'-: -, -&* ('-9-',.
P*)*'0*/ '*@9'-:.
P*)*'0*/ *@9'-:.
EDuity t%eory and t%e roe of socia com(arison.
P*,+* )*(+,/ -, +*)*'0*/ *-'0* '*@9'-: 8: &'
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K W,) '+9-(.
K R*)/( )**'0*/.
K C,;+)'(, +,'-(.
K S'-9-',.
:.3.2 Ex(ectancy t%eory
T&'( -&*,): '( /*0*,+*/ 8: V'-,) V),,;. %*: *=+*-: -&*,): 0)'8*(
E=+*-: Q 8*'* -&- ,)' &)/ ' )*(9- ' /*(')*/ *0* , +*),);*.
I(-)9;*-'-: Q 8*'* -&- (9*((9 +*),);* ' 8* ,,*/ 8: )*)/(.
V**H 09* +*)(, (('( -, )*)/( / ,-&*) ,) )*-*/ ,9-,;*(
Eements in t%e ex(ectancy t%eory of motivation.
7.3.3 !oal"setting theor#
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T&'( -&*,): '( /*0*,+*/ 8: E/' L,*. P),+*): (*- / *;*/ -( ,(
8* &'&: ;,-'0-'.
@otivationa effects of task "oas
P),0'/* /')*-', -, +*,+* ' -&*') ,).
C)': +*),);* *=+*--',(.
E(-8'(& );* , )**)** ,) **/8.
P),0'/* ,9/-', ,) 8*&0',) (*;*;*-
,ey issues and (rinci(es in t%e "oasettin" (rocess
S*- (+*'' ,(.
S*- &*' ,(.
B9'/ , *+-* / ,;;'-;*-.
C)': , +)',)'-'*(.
P),0'/* **/8 , , ,;+'(&;*-.
R*)/ , ,;+'(&;*-
:.4 undamentas of reinforcement t%eory G
R*',)*;*- -&*,): ,9(*( , -&* ';+- , *=-*) *0'),;*- ,(*@9**( ,8*&0',).
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!(erant conditionin"
T&'( -&*,): '( /*0*,+*/ 8: B.F. S'*). T&'( -&*,): ++'*( , **- -, ,-),
8*&0',) 8: ;'+9-' '-( ,(*@9**( .L , **- ;*( ';+- , -:+* ,
,(*@9** , 9-9)* 8*&0',)
!(erant conditionin" strate"ies
K P,('-'0* )*',)*;*- I)*(*( -&* )*@9*: , 8*&0',) -&),9& -&* ,-'*-
+)*(*--', , +*(- ,(*@9**.
K N*-'0* )*',)*;*-I)*(*( -&* )*@9*: , 8*&0',) -&),9& -&* ,-'*-
)*;,0 , 9+*(- ,(*@9**
K P9'(&;*-D*)*(*( -&* )*@9*: , 8*&0',) -&),9& -&* ,-'*- +)*(*--', ,
9+*(- ,(*@9**.
K E=-'-',D*)*(*( -&* )*@9*: , 8*&0',) -&),9& -&* ,-'*- )*;,0 ,
+*(- ,(*@9**.
:.8 'n inte"rated a((roac% to motivationa dynamics.
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$.% Moti&ation at 'a#amba (ni&ersit#
W:;8 U'0*)('-: '( ,0*);*- ,)'
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+*);*- (-. W&* -&* (- /&*)*( -, -&* 9'0*)('-: ( / ,8-'( -&* **(():
@9''-',( ' -&* )**0- +*)',/ -&*)* '( , )'( , -&* *;+,:;*-. S*',)'-: '(
;': ,('/*)*/ / ,)/' -, -&* (*',)'-: / 9';*- , ,-&*) @9''-',(
, 9+ -&* )**) //*) .F9)-&*);,)* E;+,:;*- P),0'/*- F9/> E;+,:** T)9(-
F9/ / U'0*)('-: P*(', F9/ )* *-'-*/ 8: -&* 9'0*)('-: *;+,:**(.
W&* ,('/*)*/ W:;8 U'0*)('-: ,) ;: ,*) ,,' F-,)( ' -&* W,)+*
&'*0*( S,' N**/(. A( +*) /*;'( -&* )*-',(&'+ , , ,)*)( /*+*/( ,
(*',)'-:. T&* )*-',(&'+ 8*-** ,,)*)( - *0* , /'(-* ,- ;,)* ,(*
)*-',(&'+. R*-',(&'+ '-& & -&* H*/ '( ,)+,)-'0*. H*/ ' 8* ((' /9-'*( ,)
-&* -*;(. I ,9) /*+)-;*- , ,9-: -(( )* (('*/ ( )*(*)& (9+*)0'(',>
'/9(-)' )*-',(&'+(> /*;' ,);(> )*(*)& ,) '/'0'/9 -*;(. A- -&* 8')-&/:(, -&* ;*;8*)( * **8)-* - /*+)-;*- *0* / +)-''+-* ,) -&*') 9-',(. A( -
-&* 9-: '/'0'/9 /*+)-;*- **8)-* /:( ( ,9-'> '(9)*> 8' /:.
F9-: **8)-*( 9-: /:> (+,)-( /:> 9*> *-.
W&* ,('/*)*/ W:;8 U'0*)('-: ,) ;: ,*) ,,' F-,)( ' -&*
W,)+* &'*0*( E(-**; N**/(. A,)/' -, -&* C')9) N, #16 -, +),;,-* (
+),*((,) )*@9')* (, ;: +*),);* (-/)/( '9/' -*&'> +,(- )/9-*
(9+*)0'(',> +)-''+-' ' ,-'9' +),*((', /*0*,+;*- +),);(> (*)0'* ,)
-&* '(-'-9-', /*0*,+;*-> -)('-',' -, /9 /*'0*): , *((,(> )*(*)&>
(&,)(&'+> )*-'0* ,)> +**) )*0'**/ +98'-',( / ,-)'89-',( -, 9'0*)('-: /
N-',I-*)-', D*0*,+;*-.
C,');-', , P),8-',): L*-9)*) '( 8(*/ , -&* (+*'' 9'/*'*( (9& ( -&)**
:*)( (-'(-,): (*)0'*> C,;+*-', , M(-*)( D*)** ,) D,-,)' D*)** '-&
)*(*)& / -&* ,;+*-', , *)-''-* ,9)(* , -*&' , H'&*) E/9-',.
L*-9)*) +),;,-*/ -, S*',) L*-9)*)> G)/* II ;*)*: '-& +),;,-', '-& ,;+*-',
, '0* :*)( (*)0'*. S*',) L*-9)*) KG)/* II +),;,-*( ( S*',) L*-9)*) G)/* KI
'-& '-*)0'* / -*(-*/ -&* -*&'> )*(*)&> /'((*;'-', , ,*/* / ,-&*)
9'0*)('-: -'0'-:.
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"enior Professor
Professor
Associate Professor
"enior #ect$rer%&ra'e%(
"enior #ect$rer%&ra'e%(i
#ect$rer
#ect$rer)Pro*ationery+
T&* )**) //*) , 9'0*)('-: /*;'( '( '9(-)-*/ 8: -&* F'9)* '0* 8*,.
C,'))' L,//)' &> U(=)'*(% A,/)(*
T&*)* )* (, ;: -)'' / /*0*,+;*- -'0'-'*( 8* **/ 8: 9'0*)('-:
*-9)*)( ;,(- , -&*(* ,++,)-9'-'*( 8* )*';89)(*/.
W&* ,('/*)*/ W:;8 U'0*)('-: ,) ;: ,*) ,,' F-,)( ' -&*
W,)+* &'*0*( (* -9'
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1#7$(
2$12
S-)-' (): ,) +),8-',): *-9)*)
7$$
2772$
A- C*-) B ;*;*- -)'** '-& (';') @9''-',(
6$$
5$$$$
W&* * ,('/*) -&'( ('-9-', *): '/*-': +*)*'0*/ '*@9'-:. A( +*) -&* (';')
*0* ?,8 ' *) &'&*) (): ;*( -&*)* '( &,)' ' -&* )'&- :(> / - -&* )'&- -';*. M*)(
;,'-,) / )*9-* &, *''*-: / **-'0*: ,)'
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,.1 T#-es of Control
.1.1 eed for*ard Contros
T&'( '( 9(*/ -, -''+-* +),8*;( 8*,)* -&*: )'(* (, -&- +),8*;( /, ,- ,9) -*)
/9)' -&* ,0*)(', +),*((. G'0' (-)'*- +),/9- (+*''-',( -, (9++'*)( ' /0*. IT
8* 9(*/ -, **+ ' ,-- '-& (9++'*)( / -, ;,'-,) -&*') +),)*((
,.1.2 Concurrent Controls
G'0* ;*)( ';;*/'-* **/8 , &, *''*-: '+9-( )* 8*' -)(,);*/ '-,
,9-+9-(. A,( ;*)( -, ,))*- +),8*;( ( -&*: )'(*
.1.3 eedback Contros U(*/ -, +),0'/* ',);-', - -&* ,9-+9- (-* 8,9- 9(-,;*)( )*-',( -, ,,/( /
(*)0'*( (, -&- ,))*-'0* -', 8* -* ' **(():
.3 Ste(s in controin" (rocess
1. E(-8'(& (-/)/( , +*),);*> ,(> ,) -)*-( '(- &'& +*),);* '( -, 8*
*09-*/.
M*)( - *& ,)' -&* &)/*) '- '( -, ;*(9)* 8*&0',) ,) ,9-+9-(
3. C,;+)* -9 +*),);* '(- &,(* (-/)/( , +*),);*
M*)( *09-* &*-&*) K / -, &- *=-*- K +*),);* /*0'-*( ),; -&*
(-/)/( , +*),);* &,(* ' (-*+ 1
4. E09-* )*(9- / ''-'-* ,))*-'0* -', ' -&* (-/)/ '( ,- 8*' &'*0*/
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O
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S+*'' ,( / ,8?*-'0*( )* *(-8'(&*/ - *& *0* , -&* ,)' / '/'0'/9(
.4.4 Can Contro
T&* ,-), *=*)-*/ , '/'0'/9( / ),9+( ' ,)' / *=+*--',(.
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1%.% Controls at 'a#amba (ni&ersit#
S)' L 9'0*)('-'*( )* ;': ,-),*/ 8: U'0*)('-: G)- C,;;'((',.
A-*))/( *& 9'0*)('-: ,-),( '9/* ,,'(.
10.1 Senates
A,)/' -, -&* P)-VII (98 (*-', 46 , U'0*)('-: A- N, 16 , 1#7! S*-* (& 8*
-&* /*;' 9-&,)'-: , -&* 9'0*)('-:. S*-*( ,('(- , V'* C&*,)> D*+9-: V'*C&*,)> R*-,)> D*( , F9-:> H*/( , D*+)-;*-(> *& P*);*- P),*((,)
, -&* 9'0*)('-:> L'8))' / -, **-*/ M*;8*)( ),; -&* F9-:. T&'( '( /**-'
+,*) -, ';+*;*- /*'(',( ),; -&* -,+ , 8*& , 9-: ;*;8*)(. T&* ';+,)--
/*'(',( -* ' 9-: 8,)/( '9/' +),);( ,*)*/> &*( ' 9))'99;>
)*@9')*;*-( , /*)**( / /;'((', +,': )* ';+*;*-*/ '-& -&* ++),0 ,
(*-*.
1%.2!o&erning Councils
E& / *0*): S)' L U'0*)('-'*( &0* ,0*)' ,9'. G,0*)' C,9' '(
'/*+*/*- 8,/: -&- -( 8*-** 9'0*)('-'*( / -&* *=-*) 8,/'*( &*)* -&*: )*
,9-8*. C,9' '( -&* 8,/: -&- )*+)*(*-( -&* 9'0*)('-'*( -, -&* *=-*) ,)/ /
)*+)*(*-( *=-*) ,)/ -, -&* 9'0*)('-:.
A&'/( %& %8) ,'%VII *+ *)%(& 44 ,/ 45 &> U(=)'*(% A% N& 16 &> 1$"#9
G,0*)' C,9' (& 8* -&* *=*9-'0* 8,/: / ,0*)' 9-&,)'-: , -&* 9'0*)('-:.T&* +)-''+-( '9/* V'* C&*,)> D*+9-: V'* C&*,)> R*-,)> D*( ,
F9-'*(> -, ;*;8*)( **-*/ 8: -&* (*-* ;, '-( , ;*;8*)( / -&* ;*;8*)(
++,'-*/ 8: -&* U'0*)('-: G)- C,;;'((',.
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T&* ;' 9-',( , C,9' '9/*( &,/ / ,-), -&* +),+*)-: , -&* 9'0*)('-:> -,
)*9-* -&* 9-',( , -&* 9'0*)('-: ,)/' -, -&* U'0*)('-: A-> /;''(-*) 9/(>
+)*+)* '' *(-';-*(> -, ;* 8: (> -, ++,'- *=;'*)(> -, ++,'- 8,)/ ,
*)*> -, *-*) '-, ,-)-( , 8*& , 9'0*)('-:> /0'(* , -&* (9(+*(', ,
+,('-',( / *=*)'(* ,-&*) +,*)( , 9'0*)('-:.
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11.0 Concusion
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12.0 ;eferences
1. W:;8 U'0*)('-: , S)' L> H'(-,):> (- *((*/ /-* 23)/ F*8)9): 2$14 -
&--+.:8.,0*)0'*.&-;
2. C9-9)*>,'*> (- *((*/ 25-& F*8)9): 2$14 - &--+.;'/-,,(.,;
3. U'0*)('-: G)- C,;;'((',> C')9)(> (- *((*/ /-* 23)/ F*8)9): 2$14 -
&--+.9.
4. L9-&*(> F. 1##2> O)'(-', B*&0',9)> 7-&*/'.> M.G) H> I.> N* Y,)
USA.5. S-*+&* P.R,88'(2$12> M*;*->11-&*/'>P)*-*'* H
6. P9(&+9;)' M.D> 2$13>C9-9)*>*-9)* &/,9-.F),; M*;*- /
O)' U'0*)('-: , J:*)/**+9)
7. P9(&+9;)' M.D> 2$13> C,-),> *-9)* &/,9-.F),; M*;*- /
O)' U'0*)('-: , J:*)/**+9)
!. P9(&+9;)' M.D> 2$13>P),*(( , M,-'0-',>*-9)* &/,9-.F),; M*;*-
/ O)' U'0*)('-: , J:*)/**+9)#. P9(&+9;)' M.D> 2$13>P),*(( , ,)'('>*-9)* &/,9-.F),; M*;*-
/ O)' U'0*)('-: , J:*)/**+9)
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