PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 1: Heritable Material by A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, &...

PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 1:Heritable Material

by A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, & Christopher Paradise

1.4 How does DNA’s shape affect its function?

Integrating Concepts in Biology

Biology Learning Objectives• Draw the structure of DNA showing the double helix

and base pairings.• Demonstrate how DNA replication is

semiconservative.• Evaluate experimental design and analyze data from

research on DNA as molecular information.

Bio-Math Exploration Learning Objectives• Estimate the amount of DNA in a sample by finding

the area under a curve.• Determine the number of generations that have passed

in a population of cells.

Fig.1.9

Nucleotide Structures

You should be able to distinguishdeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from ribonucleic acid (RNA),

Fig. 1.9

DNAdATP

RNAATP

Fig. 1.9

rotate 90°

2’ carbondATP

Fig. 1.9

ATP or dATP?

Watson and Crick DNA Model

Fig. 1.10 from Watson and Crick, 1953

Fig. 1.10

Can you spot their error?from Watson and Crick, 1953

Fig. 1.10

Can you spot their error?from Watson and Crick, 1953

Fig. 1.10

phosphate

should be anti-parallel strandsfrom Watson and Crick, 1953

Chemical Bonds

Fig. 1.11

You should be able to match these representations with the appropriate chemical bonds.

Chemical Bonds

Fig. 1.11

Match the chemicalrepresentations withthe appropriate bonds.

Chemical Bonds

Fig. 1.11

Describe the generalrules for each bond type found in biologicalexamples.

Chemical Bonds

Fig. 1.11

(N or O) and H

bases (+) and acids (-)

any element, often

C – C, C – O, C – N, C – H

Maurice Wilkins’ data Rosalind Franklin’s data

X-ray Diffraction of DNA

Fig. 1.12 from Wilkins, et al., 1953 and from Franklin and Gosling, 1953.

Maurice Wilkins’ data Rosalind Franklin’s data

X-ray Diffraction of DNA

Fig. 1.12 from Wilkins, et al., 1953 and from Franklin and Gosling, 1953.

Watson & Crick Base Pairs

Fig. 1.13

Find their mistake.

modified from Watson and Crick. 1953b

Fig. 1.13

Find their mistake.

Fig. 1.13

missed H-bond

Fig. 1.13 too far for H-bond modified from Watson and Crick. 1953b

Fig. 1.13

pyrimidines

Fig. 1.13

purines

Always Three Rings Wide

Fig. 1.13

3 Models of DNA Replication

Fig. 1.14modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.

Fig. 1.14

all old DNA

What are the implications for each model?

modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.

Fig. 1.14

half old

half new

semi-conservative

Fig. 1.14

all old

all new

conservative

Fig. 1.14

all stands half new

mosaic

Fig. 1.14

all stands half new

mosaic

all old

all new

conservative

half old

half new

semi-conservative

Meselson & Stahl Experiments

high concentration of salt(high density)

low concentration(low density)

Fig. 1.15Afrom Meselson and Stahl. 1958.

Fig. 1.15A

they wanted the DNA to appear about the same total darkness at each time point

backgroundsvary due to

different photographic

exposure times

from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.

Fig. 1.15A

evenly distributed DNA0

Fig. 1.15A

partially equilibrated DNA15

Fig. 1.15A

fully equilibrated DNA43

Fig. 1.15A

density of normal (light 14N) DNA

Fig. 1.15B

mix DNA made of 14N (light)

and15N (heavy)

centrifuge in salt gradient

Fig. 1.15B

density of light(14N) DNA

density of heavy(15N) DNA

mix DNA made of 14N (light)

and15N (heavy)

centrifuge in salt gradient

Fig. 1.15B & C

(15N) DNA

(14N) DNA

Fig. 1.15B & C

(15N) DNA

(14N) DNA

quantifying DNA in each band

Fig. 1.16

experiment performed twice

Fig. 1.16

experiment #1

Fig. 1.16

experiment #2

Fig. 1.16

all cells (DNA) grown in heavy 15N

Fig. 1.16

harvest cells (DNA) at time zero

Fig. 1.16

all cells (DNA) switched to light 14N

Fig. 1.16

harvest cells (DNA) at several time points

Fig. 1.16

separate new DNAby salt gradient

separate mixed DNAby salt gradient

Fig. 1.17

DNA centrifuged

43 hours

high salt densityon right side

all old/heavy (15N)

time = 0(in generations)0

Fig. 1.17

high salt densityon right side

quantify DNAin band

all 15N DNA

half 15N, half 14N DNAFig. 1.17modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.

Fig. 1.17

all heavyall light

Fig. 1.17

all heavyall light

DNA replicated

half 15N, half 14N DNAmodified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.

Fig. 1.17

all heavyall light

DNA replicatesat different times

Fig. 1.17

DNA replicated

~ twice

all 15N DNA

50% 15N DNA

what has happened? 1.9

all heavyall light

14N 15N 15N14N

Fig. 1.17

DNA replicated

~ twice

all 15N DNA

50% 15N DNA

all heavyall light

14N 15N 15N14N

all 15N DNA

50% 15N DNA

Fig. 1.17

all heavyall light

all 15N DNA

50% 15N DNA

half DNA is 100% 14N

half DNA is 50% 14N 50% 15N

Fig. 1.17

all heavyall light

Fig. 1.14

all stands half new

mosaic

all old

all new

conservative

half old

half new

semi-conservative

all 15N DNA

50% 15N DNA

all 15N DNA

50% 15N DNA

Fig. 1.17

✓ data

50% 15N DNA

all 15N DNA

Fig. 1.17

half DNA is 100% 14N

50% 15N DNA

all 15N DNA

Fig. 1.17

✓ datahalf DNA is 100% 14N

Fig. 1.14

all stands half new

mosaic

all old

all new

conservative

half old

half new

semi-conservative

# replications

Fig. 1.17

all heavy

all light

# replications

4 = 16 copies

0 = 1 copy+2 = 4 copies

# replicationspercentage

14N mixed 15N

12.587.5 0.0

40.040.0 20.0

7.552.5 40.0 0 = 1 copy+4 = 16 copies

DNA is replicated in a semiconservative

process

PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 1: Heritable Material by A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, &...

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