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Technical English - I 5th week
SURVEYING AND MAPPING
surveying / position / natural / man made / feature / equipment / mapping
What is surveying? It is the art of defining the positions of natural and man-made features on the Earth’s surface.
Basic Tasks and Features in Surveying:
Measurements
Surveying tools and equipment
Evaluation of survey data
Mapping
distance / elevation / angle / coordinates
Basic Engineering measurements: Distance Elevation Angle Coordinates (X/Y or Lat/Long etc.)
distance interval length space
Elevation (vertical position) is the height of a point relative to some reference point
Today’s Engineering Survey Tasks Cadastral surveying Area calculations Complex volume calculations Stockpile surveys Cut / excavation / fill calculations (Surveying for landfill sites) Slope measurements Cross and long sections Aerial photography surveying (photogrammetric survey) Surveying for 3D model generation Building Measurements and Structural Monitoring Setting out of buildings (building footprint) Facade measurements Deformation / settlement monitoring, inspection measurements Underground utility mapping survey
cadastral / stockpile / excavation / photogrammetry / generation / facade / utility / building setting out / footprint / deformation / monitoring / settlement / inspection
surveying tools / equipment / device / traditional / contemporary / state-of-the-art
Traditional and contemporary (state-of-the-art electronic devices) surveying tools
steel tape / chaining pins / spring tension / compass / optical square / ranging rods flag-pole / staff / theodolite / transit / total station / level / tripod
steel tapes
spring tension
theodolite
compass
ranging rods & flag-pole
optical square
chaining pins
tripod
staff
level
Tripods are used for several surveying instruments, such as theodolites, total stations, levels or transits.
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transit
They are the same thing. Europeans tend to say "theodolite", which is the older term. Americans tend to say "transit." Both theodolites and transits are instruments used by surveyors to measure horizontal and vertical angles, measure distances and determine elevations. Generally a theodolite is more precise in point of vernier increments and optical systems. It has more incrementations on the circle.
theodolite
vernier increments
theodolite / transit / total station / instrument / precise / vernier / optics
What is the difference between a theodolite and a transit?
The original theodolite was a purely optical instrument, but nowadays most theodolites come with an electronic distance-measuring attachment called as total station. Total stations possess automatic angle and distance readout capabilities.
What is the difference between a theodolite and a total station?
Theodolite Total station is a instrument having
theodolite / total station / instrument / attachment / installation / readout
Manual installation Manual reading of scales
Automatic readout capabilities Simple and quick installation on any ground Fast & easy data transfer to tablet PC or notebook
Theodolites can measure: Horizontal angles Vertical angles Distances Elevations
Levels can measure: Horizontal angles Distances Elevations
Measurement accuracy depends on many factors. Instrument error (Model and type of instrument) Human error (Surveyors’ skill) Natural error (Atmospheric conditions, wind speed, air temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, etc)
axis / measurement accuracy / error / skill / atmospheric condition / wind / humidity
What is the difference between a theodolite and a level?
What is the difference between a theodolite and a level?
leveling / control point / backsight reading / foresight reading
The bubble tube
Leveling with three foot screws
leveling / line of sight / horizontal / bubble tube / vial screw / lever / clamp / tribrach
How to set the line of sight (line of vision ) to be exactly horizontal?
high-tech / EDM / GPS / DGPS / global positioning system / differential / drone
EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement system) Total station equipped with EDM GPS (Global Positioning System) DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) Drones for surveying
EDM
Total Station
Ordinary GPS
DGPS
Drone
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EDM / transmitter / receiver / wave / retroprism /reflector
EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement system)
Principle of EDM
EDM / total station / equipped / capability
Total station equipped with EDM (Optical and electronic measurement capabilities)
EDM
Total Station
GPS / satellite / space / maintain / transmission / signal / embedded/ position
GPS (Global Positioning System)
Regular GPS
24 Satellites in space, maintained by US Military
Each satellite transmits a signal with embedded time
GPS Unit receives signal and records time
Position is calculated using triangulation by determining how long each signal took to leave satellite and to then be received by the GPS unit
Regular GPS receiver
CORS-TR (Continuously Operating
Reference Stations) PROJECT
CORS-
TR® PROJECT
ESTABLISHMENT OF
NATIONAL CORS
SYSTEM AND DETERMINATION
OF DATUM
TRANSFORMATION
PARAMETERS
establishment / national / datum / continuously / operating / reference / station
DGPS / principle / accuracy / correction / unknown / approximation / position
DGPS (Differential GPS)
Regular GPS receiver
Standard GPS Accuracy Old was 100m accuracy
New is 15m
WAAS technology is less than 3m
The basic principle of DGPS is to remove these errors by determining the difference between the measured distance at an unknown point whose position is to be fixed and an approximation of the true distance as calculated by a receiver at a known position.
DGPS Units
drone / airborne / image / model / generation / software
Drones for surveying and 3D model generation
Everyday new software has been specifically created and released for generating 3D maps from drone images.
Drone
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topographic maps / marine works / bathymetric maps / seafloor map / sonar system
“Land surveying” for “Topographic maps" “Marine surveying” for “Bathymetric maps”
Drone
Bathymetric Sonar System
Marine works: Costal protection Ports and marinas Offshore structures
density / salinity / conductivity / tide / current / wave / wave gage / buoy
Physical oceanographic parameters (Density, salinity, etc) CTD (Conductivity, Temperature and Depth) Sea level variations Current velocity Wave heights
Drone
Short and long term measurements
Spatial data: Data check and filtering Corrections Calculations Plotting points Drawing contours
spatial data / data filtering / correction / plotting / contour
Mapping Technique Manual mapping Mapping software
Mapping Technique Manual mapping Mapping software
Spatial data: X,Y,Z Lat, Long, height (or depth) Mapping software such as Surfer, Grapher, MapInfo etc.
spatial data / latitude / longitude / contour map / terrain map / surface map
How do you measure approximately “the height of a building” without any surveying tool?
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