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Power Electronics in Hybrid Energy Networks. Johan Enslin David Elizondo Johan.Enslin@kema.com Delizondo@kema.us KEMA Inc. T&D Consulting Raleigh, NC USA. Outline. The Future of Energy Hydrogen Economy Hybrid Hydrogen Economy - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Power Electronics in Hybrid Energy Networks
Johan Enslin David ElizondoJohan.Enslin@kema.com Delizondo@kema.us
KEMA Inc. T&D ConsultingRaleigh, NC
USA
2
Outline The Future of Energy
Hydrogen Economy Hybrid Hydrogen Economy Energy Web Concept and Distributed Power
Power Electronics’ role in the Future of Energy Interconnection of Large-scale PV Interconnection of Wind Energy
Energy Storage’s and FACTS role in the Future of Energy
3
Hydrogen Hope and Gamble
4
Grid-less Hydrogen Society? National National
Energy SecurityEnergy Security
DIVERSE DIVERSE DOMESTIC DOMESTIC
RESOURCESRESOURCES
Distributed GenerationDistributed Generation
Transportation
The EnvironmentThe Environment
ZERO/NEAR ZERO GHGZERO/NEAR ZERO GHGand other EMISSIONSand other EMISSIONS
Biomass
Hydro
Wind
Solar
Coal
Nuclear
Natural
Gas
Oil
Se
qu
es
tra
t io
n
Biomass
Hydro
Wind
Solar
BiomassWater
WindHydroSolar
Geothermal
Coal
Nuclear
Natural
Gas
Oil
Se
qu
es
tra
t io
n
5
Electrolyzer
- Water purification - Regulators- Gas dryer- Integrated Heating - CHP
HydrogenStorage
Hybrid AC/DC Networks
H2 Gas
+
-
V
Water Supply
H2 Trucking H2 Pipeline
O2 Gas
Peak Shaving
Fuel Cell
Power Electronics- Grid Interconnection- STATCOM / APF- Max Power Tracker- Electricity Storage- Transfer Switch
Control,Protection Comms
Local H2 Use
DP - Network - Hydrogen Hybrid System ConceptDP - Network - Hydrogen Hybrid System Concept
Electrical Interconnection
Transport
6
Energy Web Concept
Residence
FactoryCHP
Wind
Microturbine
CommercialCHP
Central Generation
Fuel Cell
Flywheel
Substation
Photovoltaic
Storage
Power & Communications LinksGas TurbinesFuel Cell Car
Flow Batteries
Pumped Storage DecentralizedDER Dispatch
Data Centers
7
Energy Web Concepts Characteristics of Energy Supply in 2010
Nuclear Generation: Upgrade and Replace Centralized Nuclear Generation and Small Scale Pebble Bed Modular Nuclear Reactors
Gas & Electrical Networks merge – Move to Hydrogen Renewable Energy Generation: Targets 10 - 20%
(Environmental) High premium on Network Reliability and Security Shift from power supply to service orientated culture
8
Energy Web Concepts--Cont
Technology Higher Efficiency for Distributed Generation Flexible and lower cost power electronic interfaces Less NOx and CO2 generation Low-cost, flexible energy storage
Interconnections and Regulations Standardization of Power and Communication Interfaces Simplified regulations for small DP Safety considerations in island operation Formation of self-sustained islanding mini grids
9
Energy Web Concepts--Cont Distributed Power has to Offer:
“Plug & Play” Functionality with enforced standards Intelligent Communicating Components – Extra services Network Reliability, Quality, Stability and Security built-
in Power Electronics Multi-fuel driven micro-turbine technologies High efficiency technologies with CHP functionality Interface Between Hybrid AC / DC / Gas / Hydrogen
Networks
10
Distributed and Renewable Power Dutch Government and Utilities promote
use of renewables with subsidies and customer programs.
Dutch generation > 35% distributed CHP Wind (10%)
Some whole suburbs are installed with roof-mounted PV arrays
Nieuwland 500 homes in total 12 000 m² PV. 1 GWh Renewable Energy
6 GW off-shore wind power is currently planned for 2020.
Amersfoortse suburb Nieuwland
11
Distributed Power Trends 2010
12
Interconnection Issues with DP Power Quality considerations on system level
Background system distortion; All indices; Network Resonances Require integrated mitigation solutions
Protective Relaying Considerations Feedback Power Islanding
Voltage and Angular Stability Distribution Networks behave like Transmission Networks Require innovative solutions – FACTS; Storage; Hybrid Networks
Interconnection Standards and Guidelines Crucial to do updates: IEEE 1547 , IEC 61400-21 , EN 50160
13
Case A: Interconnection of Large-scale PV
14 14
Interconnection Issues with DP inverters 200-500 Homes with PV panels
1-3 kW PV inverters, connected at 220 Volts feeder 1GWh is generated annually
By Measurements at the site… Voltage regulation and Flicker:
Exceeding voltage limits and inverters trip Voltage fluctuations due to power fluctuations
Harmonics: Inverters individually satisfy IEC 61000-3-2 specification EN 50160 can temporarily be exceeded. Inverters trip unexpectedly
15
Interconnection Issues with DP inverters
Attention Points on Standards Effect of background supply distortion Increased distortion due to a resonance phenomenon Islanding may be a good alternative
16
Case B: Interconnection of Wind Energy
17
Wind Park
ConnectionPoints
Wind Park
ConnectionPoints
Network Interconnection of 6 GW Wind Feasibility of 6 GW Wind
Power in 2020 Total cost 10.000 M€ Stability Issues and
Reactive Power Compensation
Required 350 M€ - 650 M€ network upgrades
Conventional solution requires 100 M€ expenditure
18
Energy Storage for 6 GW Wind Farm
Possible savings of 250 M€ - 550 M€ network upgrades if storage is included
Requires 2,5 GW and 62 GWh storage for 6 GW wind farm
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
60001 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (DAYS)
Win
d P
ow
er
(MW
)
Off-shore wind park Power Output Storage Capacity
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
60001 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (DAYS)
Win
d P
ow
er
(MW
)
Off-shore wind park Power Output Storage Capacity
19
Storage Options for 6 GW Wind Farm
Based on Flow-battery technology 6,000 M€, 30 years NPV, 1x1 km size
Not feasible by factor 10 as a single solution
Dimensioning Flow-battery
Surface of Battery Plant for Wind Park (6000 MW):
• 792.000 m2 (e.g 990 x 800 m)
Power
2555 MW
Energy
62004 MWh
Electrolytic
Storage TanksFuel-Cell Stacks
VSC Inverter
and Controller
Transformer
VSC Interface
20
Integrated Storage Approach Primary Application:
Wind Power Stabilization. Secondary Applications:
Interface of Constant Speed Offshore Wind Turbines Power Balance and Reserve Power Management Power Quality and Reactive Power management Spinning Reserve Management Black-start Availability Stop-start Reduction of generating units Network security - UPS operation
21
Conclusions Hydrogen economy
Will be gradual process with DP playing a key role An excellent opportunity for power electronics –
Mobile & Stationary applications Distributed Power
Preferred option to integrate renewables at high network reliability, stability and security levels
Power electronics are key for better DP interconnections
22
Conclusions--Cont Interconnection Issues
Large-scale wind energy interface provide major network interconnection challenges – Hydrogen hybrids
Design and control of DP converters for system integration needs attention
Futuristic View… Cost effective H2 and electricity storage together with Power
Electronics.
23
Hybrid Wind Network Options
HydrogenBuffer Storage
O2 Gas
200 MW
3825 kg/hr, 25 bar
350 bar
North Dakota-Chicago: 1000 miles
170 MW$1000/kW ~75%
3060 kg (102 MWh)$100/kWh
HVDC Transmission (NDHVDC Transmission (ND--Chicago) Chicago) –– HH22 Production Production
500 MW$1000/kWutil. 40%
WaterWater275,427 gal/day275,427 gal/day
HH22 ProductionProduction91,810 kg/day91,810 kg/day
@ $8.85/kg@ $8.85/kg
HVDC Electricity Transmission Cable2/3 Overhead: $0.8 MM/mile1/3 Underground cable: $1.2 MM/mile ~85% (1000 miles)
5 MW
North Dakota - Chicago1000 miles
3 gal/kg H
2
HydrogenBuffer Storage
O2 Gas
200 MW
3825 kg/hr, 25 bar
350 bar
North Dakota-Chicago: 1000 miles
170 MW$1000/kW ~75%
3060 kg (102 MWh)$100/kWh
HVDC Transmission (NDHVDC Transmission (ND--Chicago) Chicago) –– HH22 Production Production
500 MW$1000/kWutil. 40%
WaterWater275,427 gal/day275,427 gal/day
HH22 ProductionProduction91,810 kg/day91,810 kg/day
@ $8.85/kg@ $8.85/kg
HVDC Electricity Transmission Cable2/3 Overhead: $0.8 MM/mile1/3 Underground cable: $1.2 MM/mile ~85% (1000 miles)
5 MW
North Dakota - Chicago1000 milesNorth Dakota - Chicago1000 miles
3 gal/kg H
2
24
Distributed Power: Mobile
HYPERCAR
NECAR
25
Energy Storage for Renewable and Distributed Power
CHP
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