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Origins of Postmodernism
Postmodernism began to emerge around the 1920’s with the Dada movement.
It was not until after the Second World War that postmodernism was really recognized.
One of the reasons that postmodernism was thought of as a different movement from that of modernism was because of the different economic and technological changes that took place.
Origins of Postmodernism, cont.
Another basic concept of postmodernism is that every form of rebellion has already been explored
Because of this, postmodernist artists usually use ideas from many different periods and combine them to form one image
Arnold Toynbee
Is thought to be the first person to use the term postmodern
Used this term in his A Study of History, and said that this idea of postmodern occurred from around 1850-1875
He later changed his original thought and said that the modern came to and end during the First World War, and that postmodernism really began to form during the years between the first two world wars (1918-1939)
Jean Baudrillard
Wrote that there are four processes of obtaining value:
1. There is a functional value of an object
2. There is an exchange value of an object
3. There is a symbolic value of an object
4. There is a sign value of an object
Deconstruction
One of the key ideas of postmodernism is to conceive things as texts
Derrida Argued that deconstruction shows that texts can
have multiple meanings and these different meanings can be cleared up through close textual analysis
One possible consequence of deconstruction is that texts may be defined too broadly
Aspects of
Photography Digital Photography Computers Mass Media and Communication What Technology Has Done
Everyone’s a Photographer?
Eastman brought photography into mainstream culture
No longer an art for the few Popularization of photography as art New technologies create new demands
Digital Photography
Snapshots of anything Editing Photos A new outlook on
Photography Is what you see really
what you see? Broadens the definition
of ‘art’
Mass Media and Communication
“Information and communication have therefore become terms of comparison with which to redefine and reinterpret the roles of all disciplines.”
Radio
Newspaper
Mass Media and Communication cont.
Magazine Post-Cards (art as communication) Internet Commercialization of Art Loss of aura as art/anything as art No longer art for arts sake
What Technology Has Done
“the institutions of the art world continued to believe in – indeed to expect – breakthroughs, and the galleries, the collectors, the art magazines, the museums and finally the corporations that had become the major patrons of the age were also awaiting prophets and revelations” - Arthur Danto
Created a demand for ‘new’ art
Neo-Expressionism
Emerged in late 1970s; prominent until mid 1980s
Developed in Europe reaction to conceptualism and minimalism
Heavily promoted by the media and art galleries
Characteristics
Recognizable objects
Rough, violent or abstract interpretation
Vivid colors
Inspired by German expressionism
Jedd Garet
Curtain of Protection (1980)
Prominent Neo-Expressionist Artists
George Baselitz
Julian Schnabel
Keith Haring
Jean-Michel Basquiat
Francesco Clemente
Julian Schnabel
Imfluences include Antoni Gaudi, Cy Twombly
Plate paintings Schnabel said he was,
"aiming at an emotional state, a state that people can literally walk into and be engulfed."
Other mediums
Graffiti Art Used to display artists tags,
as well as social and political messages and sometimes advertising
Spray paint, markers or other materials
Application without authorization to public spaces
Public art? Radical and political
purposes High art
Jean-Michel Basquiat
Graffiti background SAMO tag
“The Radiant Child” by Rene Ricard
Andy Warhol Art periods
1980-1982 1982-1985 1986-death
Keith Haring
Grafitti/pop artist NYC subway chalk
drawings “The Radiant Baby” Andy Warhol The Keith Haring
Foundation
Francesco Clemente
Combines both surrealism and expressionism
Career in the 1970s Career in the 1980s Collaborations with
Warhol and Basquiat
Matthew Barney
Drawing Restraint 9(trailer)
The film concerns the theme of self-imposed limitation and continues Matthew Barney's interest in religious rite, this time focusing on Shinto.
Questions Raised by Postmodernism
What is art?
What is the purpose of art?
How has the purpose changed in the face of Postmodernism?
What is Art?
How do we decide what is art? Philosophical in nature? Representation of reality? Consumer oriented? Aesthetically pleasing? What is the role of skill in art?
What makes art?
What makes this art and not boxes?
Arthur Danto, an art critic, said, “Art is dead. Art [has] raised…the philosophical question of
art.”
Andy WarholBrillo Boxes, 1964
Barbra Kruger (Untitled)
Robert Gober1986Playpen
Is using someone else’s work art?
Commodities as art?
Consumerism
Art is now created to be sold
Is this good or bad, or even true?
Danto: The Market needed something to sell and artists
needed to make a reputation
RembrandtThe Sacrifice of Abraham1635Oil on Canvas
The Importance of Skill
“Imagination without skill gives us contemporary art,” Tom Stoddard.
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