Post war Europe Unstable new Democracies –Break up of A-H Coalition governments –Too many...

Post war Europe

• Unstable new Democracies– Break up of A-H

• Coalition governments– Too many political parties

Europe in 1919Europe in 1919

From the German Point of View

From the German Point of View Lost—but not forgotten country.

Into the heart You are to dig yourself these words as into stone: Which we have lost may not be truly lost!

Maimed German WW I VeteranMaimed German WW I Veteran

The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory

The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory

Disgruntled German WWI veteransDisgruntled German WWI veterans

German “Revolutions” [1918]German “Revolutions” [1918]

Coalition Gov’t

• Unstable/ many political parties

• Some had more than a dozen

• Need a majority to set up a gov’t

• Temporary alliances formed

Friedrich Ebert:First President of the Weimar

Republic

Friedrich Ebert:First President of the Weimar

Republic

The German Government: 1919-1920

The German Government: 1919-1920

The GermanMark

The GermanMark

The German MarkThe German Mark

The French in the

Ruhr: 1923

The French in the

Ruhr: 1923

The French Occupation of the Ruhr

The French Occupation of the Ruhr

The Dawes Plan (1924)The Dawes Plan (1924)

European Debts to the United States

European Debts to the United States

Buying stocks on margin-

• borrow money for the stocks

• Works if value continues to rise

• Must pay loan if stock value drops

The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923

The Beer Hall Putsch Idealized

The Beer Hall Putsch Idealized

Hitler in Landesberg PrisonHitler in Landesberg Prison

Mein Kampf [My Struggle]Mein Kampf [My Struggle]

Weimar Germany: Political Representation

[1920-1933]

Weimar Germany: Political Representation

[1920-1933]

Political Parties in the Reichstag

May 1924

Dec. 1924

May1928

Sep.1930

July1932

Nov.1932

Mar.1933

Communist Party (KPD)

62 45 54 77 89 100 81

Social Democratic Party (SDP)

100 131 153 143 133 121 120

Catholic Centre Party (BVP)

81 88 78 87 97 90 93

Nationalist Party (DNVP)

95 103 73 41 37 52 52

Nazi Party (NSDAP)

32 14 12 107 230 196 288

Other Parties

102 112 121 122 22 35 23

LOCARNO PACT EASES TENSIONS IN WESTERN EUROPE

19251925

Locarno

• Gustav Streseman- foreign minister

• Aristide Briand- foreign minister

• Promise no war with each other

• Spirit of Locarno

NATIONS OUTLAW WAR” IN

KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT “

19281928

The Great Depression [1929-1941]

The Great Depression [1929-1941]

Paris in 1930Paris in 1930

London in 1930London in 1930

German Unemployment: 1929-1938

German Unemployment: 1929-1938

The Great Depression [1929-1941]

The Great Depression [1929-1941]

• Bankers call in foreign loans

• High protective tariffs put in place- idea that the American dollar should stay in America

Result - world trade drops by 65%

European banks fail- Austria largest bank

US banks fail

What to Do?

• Britain– Lowered interest rate, raised taxes, high tariff– Avoided political extremes– Dole

• France– Less dependent and foreign trade– 5 coalition gov’ts formed and fall– Popular front coalition - moderates, socialists

and communists- passes legis to help

• Scandinavian countries– Socialistic

• Public works• Raised pensions• Increased unemployment benefits• Higher taxes to pay

• US– Roosevelt-

• New Deal- public works• Welfare• Unemployment• Regulations on stocks market and banking industry• FDIC

German Election Results in 1933

German Election Results in 1933

The “New Napoleons?”The “New Napoleons?”