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In the wake ofPlessy v. Ferguson
Black America in the late 19th and early 20th Century
Post-Reconstruction Backlash
Jim Crow segregation laws
Exodusters to Kansas
“Talented Tenth” move northward (NY, Chicago)
Plessy v. Ferguson
“separate but equal”
The Great Migration
Movement from rural South to urban North
Response to segregation and violence
Rise of urban ghettos
Violence in the North
Increased with the Great Migration
Spread of the KKK
Lynchings
The 1920s – Disillusionment
How to respond to segregation?
Booker T. Washington
Economic equality, social separation (aka The Atlanta Compromise)
Former slave
His advice to blacks: be the “most patient, faithful, law-abiding and unresentful people that the world has seen”
Confidential advisor to Theodore Roosevelt
Successes – 1904 – fought against exclusion of blacks from
juries 1911 – Supreme Court ruling banning peonage
(involuntary servitude for debt)
W.E.B. DuBois
Black nationalism and immediate equality
Harvard educated
Professor of economics, history & sociology at Atlanta University
1905 – founded the Niagara Movement
1909 – founded the NAACP
Editor of The Crisis
Pan-Africanist
Joined the Communist Party in 1957 and in 1960 renounced his American citizenship and moved to Ghana
Marcus Garvey
Black nationalism
Self-pride, self-motivation, self-sufficiency
Racial separation – rejected assimilation & integration
Called for whites to leave Africa and for many Blacks to move to Africa
Died without ever going to Africa
UNIA
Encourage commercial & industrial pursuits
By the mid 1920s – 700 branches in 38 states
The Negro World (Garvey’s paper)
Liberty Hall
Black Star Line of Ships
Foreshadowing…
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