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An Introduction
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Political SciencePolitical Science-- Systematic study of the stateSystematic study of the state
and government.and government.Political Greek word polis
meaning city / sovereign state
Science Latin word scire meaning
to know
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What is Political Science?What is Political Science?
ItIt hashas aa formalformal object,object, basicbasic
knowledgeknowledge && understandingunderstanding ofof thethe
statestate andand ofof thethe principlesprinciples andand idealsidealswhichwhich underlieunderlie itsits organizationorganization andand
activitiesactivities..
ItIt isis primarilyprimarily concernedconcerned withwith thetheassociationassociation ofof humanhuman beingsbeings intointo aa
bodybody politic,politic, oror aa politicalpolitical communitycommunity
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ItIt dealsdeals withwith thosethose relationsrelations amongamongmenmen andand groupsgroups whichwhich areare subjectsubject
toto controlcontrol byby thethe state,state, withwith
relationsrelations ofof menmen andand groupsgroups toto thethestatestate itselfitself andand withwith thethe relationsrelations ofof
statestate toto thethe otherotherstatestate..
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Scope of Political ScienceScope of Political Science
PoliticalPolitical TheoryTheory itit relatesrelates toto thethe
origin,origin, form,form, behaviorbehavior,, andand purposespurposes
ofof thethe statestate..
PublicPublic LawLaw ItIt includesincludes thethe (a)(a)
organizationorganization ofof governments,governments, (b)(b) thethe
limitationslimitations uponupon governmentgovernment
authority,authority, (c)(c) thethe powerspowers andand dutiesduties ofof
thethe governmentalgovernmental officesoffices andand officersofficers
&& (d)(d) thethe obligationsobligations ofof thethe statestate toto
anotheranother..
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PublicPublic AdministrationAdministration ItIt focusedfocusedonon thethe methodsmethods andand techniquestechniques
usedused inin thethe actualactual managementmanagement ofof
thethe statestate affairsaffairs byby executive,executive,
legislative,legislative, andand judicialjudicial branchesbranches ofof
governmentgovernment..
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Interrelationship with otherInterrelationship with other
Branch
es of LearningBranch
es of Learning HistoryHistory thethe historyhistory isis pastpast politicspolitics
andand politicspolitics presentpresent historyhistory
EconomicsEconomics concernedconcerned withwith thethefactfact thatthat economiceconomic conditionsconditions affectaffectthethe organization,organization, developmentdevelopment andand
activitiesactivities ofof thethe statestate.. GeographyGeography GeopoliticsGeopolitics (concerned(concerned
withwith thethe studystudy ofof thethe physicalphysical factorsfactors
suchsuch asas populationpopulation
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SociologySociology andand AnthropologyAnthropology
StudyStudy ofof thethe societysociety inin aa wholewhole andandmankindmankind inin relationrelation toto physical,physical,
socialsocial andand culturalcultural developmentdevelopment..
PsychologyPsychology promotespromotes studiesstudies ofofthethe mentalmental andand emotionalemotional
processesprocesses motivatingmotivating thethe politicalpolitical
behaviorbehavior ofof individualsindividuals andand groupsgroupsPhilosophyPhilosophy underlyingunderlying thethe
conceptsconcepts andand framingframing thethe
constitutionsconstitutions andand lawslaws
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StatisticsStatistics andand LogicLogic employsemploys
scientificscientific methodsmethods inin gatheringgathering andandevaluatingevaluating datadata && drawingdrawing inin
conclusionconclusion..
JurisprudenceJurisprudence concernedconcerned withwiththethe analysisanalysis ofof existingexisting legallegal
systemssystems andand alsoalso withwith thethe ethical,ethical,
historical,historical, sociologicalsociological andandpsychologicalpsychological foundationsfoundations ofof lawlaw..
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Function & Importance ofFunction & Importance of
Political SciencePolitical Science ToTo discoverdiscover thethe principlesprinciples thatthat shouldshould
bebe adheredadhered toto inin publicpublic affairsaffairs andand toto
studystudy thethe operationsoperations ofof governmentgovernment ininorderorder toto demonstratedemonstrate whatwhat isis good,good, toto
criticizecriticize whatwhat isis badbad oror inefficientinefficient && toto
suggestsuggest improvementsimprovements
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ItsIts findingsfindings andand conclusionsconclusions maymay bebe
ofof immenseimmense practicalpractical useuse totoconstitutionconstitution--makers,makers, legislator,legislator,
executives,executives, andand judgesjudges whowho needneed
modelsmodels oror normsnorms thatthat cancan bebe appliedapplied
toto immediateimmediate situationssituations..
ItIt dealsdeals withwith thethe problemsproblems ofof socialsocial
welfare,welfare, governmentalgovernmental economiceconomicprograms,programs, internationalinternational cooperationcooperation
andand othersothers thatthat areare urgenturgent concernconcern toto
publicpublic officialsofficials andand toto privateprivate citizenscitizens..
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Goals in the Study of PoliticalGoals in the Study of Political
Science CoursesScience CoursesEducationEducation forfor citizenshipcitizenship
EssentialEssential partsparts ofof liberalliberaleducationeducation
Knowledge and understanding ofKnowledge and understanding of
governmentgovernment
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` Education for citizenship
` Essential part of liberal education
`
Knowledge and understanding ofgovernment
Why is it necessary to study the
Constitution?
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State a community of persons more or less
numerous permanently occupying a definite
portion of territory, having a government of its own
to which the great body of inhabitants renders
obedience, and and enjoying freedom from
external control
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1. People mass of population living within
the state
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2. Territory fixed portion of the surface of
the earth inhabited by the people of the
state
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3. Government agency through which the will of
the state is formulated, expressed and carried
out
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4. Sovereignty the supreme power of the state to
command and enforce obedience
2 Manifestations
External sovereignty
Internal sovereignty
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1. Divine Right Theory holds that the
state is of divine
creation and the ruler is
ordained by God to govern
the people
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2. Necessity or force theory
maintains that states
must have been createdthrough force
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3. Paternalistic theory
attributes the origin ofstates to the
enlargement of the
family
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4. Social Contract theory asserts
that the earlystates must
have been formed by
deliberate and voluntary
compact among people to
form a government of their
own
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VaticanVatican smallestsmallest statestate inin termsterms
ofof populationpopulation withwith estimatedestimated 10001000citizenscitizens andand ruledruled byby thethe PopePope..
ChinaChina thethe largestlargest statestate inin pointpoint
ofof populationpopulation moremore thanthan 11BB..
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CanadaCanada thethe biggestbiggest statestate
havinghaving anan areaarea ofof 33,,852852,,000000squaresquare milesmiles
Vatican
Vatican smallestsmallest statestate inin pointpointofof territoryterritory;; itit wouldwould fitfit thethe RizalRizal
ParkPark inin ManilaManila
PhilippinesPhilippines totaltotal landland areaarea ofofaboutabout 115115,,707707 sqsq.. milesmiles oror
299299,,681681 sqsq.. kmkm..
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InternalInternal thethe powerpower ofof thethe statestate
toto rulerule withinwithin itsits territoryterritoryExternalExternal thethe freedomfreedom ofof thethe
statestate toto carrycarry outout itsits activitiesactivities
withoutwithout subjectionsubjection toto oror controlcontrol byby
otherotherstatesstates..
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State distinguished from NationState distinguished from Nation
TheThe statestate isis aa politicalpolitical conceptconcept
whilewhile nationnation isis anan ethnicethnic conceptconcept..
AA statestate isis notnot subjectsubject toto externalexternalcontrolcontrol whilewhile aa nationnation maymay oror
maymay notnot bebe independentindependent ofof
externalexternal controlcontrol..
AA singlesingle statestate maymay consistconsist ofof oneone
oror moremore nationsnations andand vicevice--versaversa
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State distinguished fromState distinguished from
GovernmentGovernmentTheThe governmentgovernment isis onlyonly thethe
agencyagency throughthrough whichwhich thethe statestate
expressesexpresses itsits willwill..AA statestate cannotcannot existexist withoutwithout aa
government,government, butbut itit isis possiblepossible toto
havehave aa governmentgovernment withoutwithout aa
statestate
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Purpose of GovernmentPurpose of Government
ItIt isis necessarynecessary forfor thethe protectionprotection
ofofsocietysociety andand itsits membersmembers..
ToTo dodo thingsthings whichwhich byby theirtheir veryverynature,nature, itit isis betterbetter equippedequipped toto
administeradminister publicpublic welfarewelfare thanthan aa
privateprivate individualindividual oror groupgroup ofof
individualsindividuals..
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Forms of GovernmentForms of Government
AsAs toto numbernumber ofof personspersons exercisingexercising
sovereignsovereign powerspowers
AsAs toto extentextent ofof powerspowers exercisedexercised bybythethe centralcentral oror nationalnational governmentgovernment
AsAs toto relationshiprelationship betweenbetween thethe
executiveexecutive andand thethe legislativelegislativebranchesbranches ofof thethe governmentgovernment
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MonarchyMonarchy thethe supremesupreme authorityauthority
isis inin thethe handshands ofof aa singlesingle personpersonwithoutwithout regardsregards thethe electionelection
AristocracyAristocracy PoliticalPolitical powerpower isis
exercisedexercised byby aa fewfew privilegedprivileged classclasssuchsuch asas oligarchyoligarchy
DemocracyDemocracy politicalpolitical powerpower isis
exercisedexercised byby aa majoritymajority ofof thethepeoplepeople
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MonarchyMonarchy
AbsoluteAbsolute MonarchyMonarchy thethe rulerruler
rulesrules byby divinedivine rightright
LimitedLimited MonarchyMonarchy thethe rulerrulerrulesrules inin accordanceaccordance withwith aa
constitutionconstitution
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DemocracyDemocracy
DirectDirect oror purepure democracydemocracy thethe willwillofof thethe statestate isis formulatedformulated directlydirectly andand
immediatelyimmediately throughthrough thethe peoplepeople inin aa
massmass meetingmeeting oror primaryprimary assemblyassembly Indirect,Indirect, RepresentativeRepresentative oror
RepublicanRepublican DemocracyDemocracy -- throughthrough
thethe agencyagency ofof aa relativelyrelatively smallsmall andand
selectselect bodybody ofof personspersons chosenchosen byby thethe
peoplepeople..
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UnitaryUnitary GovernmentGovernment -- thethecontrolcontrol ofof thethe nationalnational andand locallocal
affairsaffairs isis exercisedexercised byby thethe
centralcentral oror nationalnational governmentgovernment
FederalFederal GovernmentGovernment thethe
powerpower ofof thethe governmentgovernment arearedivideddivided betweenbetween twotwo setssets ofof
organs,organs, oneone forfor nationalnational affairsaffairs
andand locallocal affairsaffairs..
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ParliamentaryParliamentary GovernmentGovernment TheThe
statestate confersconfers uponupon thethe legislaturelegislaturethethe powerpower toto terminateterminate thethe tenuretenure ofof
officeoffice ofof thethe realreal executiveexecutive
PresidentialPresidential GovernmentGovernment TheThestatestate makesmakes thethe executiveexecutive
constitutionallyconstitutionally independentindependent ofof thethe
legislaturelegislature asas regardsregards hishis tenuretenure andandtoto aa largelarge extentextent asas regardsregards hishis
policiespolicies andand actsacts..
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PreamblePreamble
DerivedDerived fromfrom thethe LatinLatin
preambularepreambulare whichwhich meansmeans toto
walkwalk..An An introductionintroduction toto thethe mainmain
subjectsubject
ProloguePrologue ofof thethe ConstitutionConstitution
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Object and ValueObject and Value
Set down origin and purposes of theSet down origin and purposes of the
constitutionconstitution
It tells us who are the authors of theIt tells us who are the authors of theConstitution and for whom it has beenConstitution and for whom it has been
promulgatedpromulgated
It states the general purposes whichIt states the general purposes which
are intended to be achieved by theare intended to be achieved by the
constitution and the governmentconstitution and the government
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MayMay serveserve asas anan aidaid inin itsits
interpretationinterpretation-- AnAn aidaid inin determiningdetermining thethe meaningmeaning
ofof vaguevague oror ambiguousambiguous provisionsprovisions
ofof thethe ConstitutionConstitution properproper
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Source of ConstitutionSource of Constitution
Auth
orityAuth
ority The Filipino PeopleThe Filipino People
-- Signify their oneness and solidarity andSignify their oneness and solidarity and
its different from the people of theits different from the people of thePhilippinesPhilippines
A Sovereign PeopleA Sovereign People
-- The use of pronouns we and our hasThe use of pronouns we and our has
also been retained instead of thealso been retained instead of the
impersonal third person approachimpersonal third person approach
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