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7/23/2019 Political Bands
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Bands
Political Organization and Leadership
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Political Organization and Leadership
V.B. Modern Microcultures
V.A. Modern Folk Societies
IIII. States
III. Chiefdoms
II. Tribes
I. Bands
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Political Organization and Leadership
I. Bands
• the political organization
of foraging groups
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Political Organization and Leadership
II. Tribes
• a political group that
comprises seeral bands
or lineage groups! each
"ith similar language and
lifest#le and occup#ing adistinct territor#
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Political Organization and Leadership
III. Chiefdoms
• a political unit of
permanentl# allied tribes
and illages under one
recognized leader
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Political Organization and Leadership
IIII. States
• a centralized political unit
encompassing man#
communities and
possessing coercie
po"er
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Political Organization and Leadership
V.A. Modern Folk Societies
• a social t#pe of rural
farmer associated "ith
preindustrial ciilization!
dominated b# the cit# and
its culture but marginal toboth
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Political Organization and Leadership
V.B. Modern Microcultures
• a distinct pattern of
learned and shared
behaior and thinking
found "ithin larger
cultures such as ethnicgroups! and institutional
cultures
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Political Organization and Leadership
I. Bands
• the political organization
of foraging groups
• small groups of
households! bet"eent"ent# and a fe" hundred
people at most
•
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Band Societies
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Hunting / Gathering
$$% of human&s time has been
that of a hunter'gatherer
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Ascent to Civilization, p. 10.10, 000 B.C. – 100 % Foragers
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Ascent to Civilization, p. 10.A.D. 1500 – 1 % Foragers
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Ascent to Civilization, p. 11.A.D. 1982 – < 0.001 % Foragers
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(ntil the mid')$*+s the ,-ung
model of the foraging life"a#
dominated the band paradigm
(Science, May 1988)
Band Societies
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Map 12-3
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Anthropologists no longer take
the ,-ung as the model of pre'
agricultural band societies
Band Societies
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Anthropologists no" recognize
a much greater ariabilit#
among foraging bands
(Science, May 1988)
Band Societies
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Band Societies
But The Desert People are not hunters
The Hunters are hunters! for eample . . .
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The Desert People
Pfeiffer, Ch 1!
The Hunters
Pfeiffer, Ch 1"
Band Societies
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Hunting / Gathering
The Desert People
Australian/aborigines0
The Hunters
/Bushmen0 ,-ung San
-hoisan
zhun/twasi
(#ourse$%es&)
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desert dwellers
Aborigines of the
Western Australian Desert
!Kung San of the
Kalahari Desert
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Band Societies
The Desert People
simple materialculture
The Hunters
simple materialculture
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Band Societies
• The households come togetherat certain times of the eardepending on their foragingpatterns and ritual schedule
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Band Societies
Moing puts a premium
on multi'purpose tools
e.g.! digging stick! blade tools . . .
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Hunting / Gathering
1hile foraging groups are
usuall# bilineal in descent and
inheritance! some earl# hunting
groups ma# hae beenpatrilineal bands . . .
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Hunting / GatheringHunting / Gathering
•The Desert People
•"band# societ
•The Hunters
•"band# societ
and man# hunting band societies
are still patrilineal
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patrilineal $inship
Hunting / GatheringHunting / Gathering
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Hunting / GatheringHunting / Gathering
patrilineal $inship
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Hunting / GatheringHunting / Gathering
patrilocal residence
patrilineal societies are patrilocal
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Band Societies
small groups of families
ca. 2+ 3 4+ 5 group
• simplest le%el of social organization
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Band Societies
,-ung San in Camps
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Band Societies
2+ 3 4++ persons integrated b# a
shared language and a sense of
common identit#
e'act nuers de*end on the carrying
ca*acity of their geogra*hic area
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Band Societies
/magic numbers0 are 24 and 4++
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Band Societies
6ternal conflict bet"een
groups is rare since
territories of different bands
are "idel# separated and thepopulation densit# is lo"
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Band Societies
Band membership is fleible
Band composition is fluid as
people shift residencefre7uentl#
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Band Societies
If a person has a serious
disagreement "ith another
person or a spouse! one
option is to leae that bandand 8oin another
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Band Societies
no official leaders
leadership is informal
leader has no po"er and onl# limitedauthorit#
position carries no re"ards of po"er or
riches
Leadership is "charismatic#&
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Band Societies
9eadership is based on the
7ualit# of the indiidual&s
adice and personalit#
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Band Societies
Band leaders hae limited
authorit# or influence! but no
po"er
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Band Societies
strongl# male dominated
but the old people '' male and
female '' are respected and are
influential
Age and se'generall determine
who will e'ert influence&
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Band Societies
influence ma# dissole or be
created in an instant
a person ma# come to thefore as a leader for specific
tasks or eents
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Band Societies
status positions are fluid from
generation to generation
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Band Societies
There is no social
stratification bet"een leaders
and follo"ers
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Band Societies
:roup decisions are made b#
consensus
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Band Societies
;olitical actiit# in bands
inoles mainl# decision
making about migration! food
distribution! andinterpersonal conflict
resolution
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Band Societies
Marriages are through
alliances "ith members of
other bands
Video: N!ai, The Story Of A !Kung Woman
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hunting
Bands are often nomadic
hunting'gathering groups
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hunting
usuall# there are male
associations
1hen bands are hunters!
male 3 male relationships
dominate
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hunting
<ifference bet"een
#oung males and old males
is intensified in hunting
societies
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hunting
Abilit# to hunt signifies change
of status and ma# be re7uired
for adulthood
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hunting
=unting intensifies
differences bet"een sees . . .
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hunting
=unting creates a /male "orld0
and a /"orld of the "omen
and children0
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hunting
=unting increases the diision
of labor bet"een sees
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hunting
But hunting thus also creates
more need for
cooperating bet"een sees
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hunting
In hunting societies! sharing
becomes important
for surial
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hunting
Females specialize
in collecting
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hunting
>4 % of /hunters0
rel# more heail# on collecting
than on hunting
(Martin and +oorhies, 19!)
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hunting
In the :ibson <esert! for e.g.!
$+ % of the time
"omen furnish at least
*+ % of the food
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hunting
In hunting societies
females sta#
in the home base more
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hunting
Female diision of labor
b# age
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hunting
=ome base
changes socialization patterns
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hunting
<ela#ed maturit# is related to
home base
emphasis is placed on learning
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hunting
From the child&s point of ie"
the home base
? a self'contained "orld
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hunting
=ome base
allo"s sick to surie
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 117.
Paleopathologists Wil Salo (left) and Art Aufderheide (right)*
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Political Organization and Leadership
V.B. Modern Microcultures
V.A. Modern Folk Societies
IIII. States
III. Chiefdoms
II. Tribes I. Bands
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