POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY BRAD NATALIZIO VILLAGE OF CHESTER P.D. 45 MAIN ST. CHESTER, NY 10918

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

BRAD NATALIZIOVILLAGE OF CHESTER P.D.

45 MAIN ST.CHESTER, NY 10918

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

Lets profile our community

a. Physical characteristics (boundaries, recreational areas, industrial locations, type of housing, areas conducive to criminal activity);

b. Demographics (age, gender, marital status, family structure, ethnicity, level of

education, occupation, employment); c. Economic characteristics (median household income, number of abandoned

homes, percentage of single heads of household); d. Social characteristics (civic and religious organizations, public and private

organizations, other significant groups); e. Incident trends (crime statistics, police officers); and f. Community resources (government, civil and private organizations).

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

C & S

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

PEP BOYS

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

STERIS

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

GW’S/ COLONIAL LANES

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

CHESTER LEARNING CENTER

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

BANKS

GAS STATIONS

ESTABLISHMENTS THAT SERVE ALCOHOL

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

HISTORY OF POLICING

• Political Era

• Professional Era

• Community Policing Era

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

POLITICAL ERA

• 1840’s till early 1920’s

• United States cities tried to copy the LMP model

• Dated from the introduction of police into municipalities during the 1840’s

• Close ties between police and politics• Citizens told the police what was going on in the community.

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

POLITICAL ERA

• Politicians ran precincts as small-scale departments.

• Hiring, firing, managing and assigning personnel as they deemed appropriate

• Officers were selected for their political service, the police officer owed his allegiance to the ward boss and police captain who chose him

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

POLITICAL ERA

• Foot patrol

• Police Officers had substantial discretion in handling their individual beats

• Contact with command was maintained through the call box

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

POLITICAL ERA

Police provided a wide variety of social services:

• Ran soup lines

• Provided temporary lodging for newly arrived immigrant workers in station houses

• Assisted ward leader in finding work for immigrants

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

POLITICAL ERA

• Good job, but poor job security due to political turnover (ex: Cincinnati 1895)

• New officers were sent on patrol with no training, few instructions beyond rulebook

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

POLITICAL ERA

• Officers were intimately connected to the social and political community,

• Inability to provide supervision of officers,

• Gave rise to police corruption

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

POLITICAL ERA

Because police officers worked alone or in small groups, there was ample opportunities to shake down peddlers and small businesses.

Officers allowed gamblers, pick pocketers and thieves to go about their business in return for a share of proceedings.

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

POLITICAL ERA

• Prohibition accelerated corruption, but caused collapse of system

• Gangsters went from small gangs to regional

• Ability to control police from politics began to slip

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

PROFESSIONAL ERA

• 1920’s to 1970’s

• Rejected politics as the basis of police legitimacy

• Civil service (ended political influences in hiring and firing of police officers)

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

PROFESSIONAL ERA

Using the focus on criminal law as a basic source of police legitimacy, police in the professional era moved to narrow their functioning to crime control and criminal apprehension

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

PROFESSIONAL ERA

• Implementation of radio car

• Better supervision

• Took police off patrol beats

• Removed from community

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

PROFESSIONAL ERA

“The patrol car became the symbol of policing during the 1930’s and 1940’s; when equipped with a radio, it was at the limits of technology. It represented mobility, power, conspicuous presence, control of officers, and professional distance from citizens”

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

PROFESSIONAL ERA

Police education

I.A.C.P.

U.C.R.

O.W. Wilson- introduced management concepts into policing

August Vollmer- Founded a police science program

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

PROFESSIONAL ERA

When police were asked why they performed as they did, the most common answer was that they enforced the law.

Police agencies became law enforcement agencies

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

PROFESSIONAL ERA

Police subculture developed

Problems with police community relations

Fear rose rapidly during the end of this era

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

PROFESSIONAL ERA

• Inability of police to relate with communities they worked

• The only time police dealt with the community was disorder issues

• Police interactions with citizens set off riots

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

PROFESSIONAL ERA

• Poor, young, minorities clashed with police the most (laws developed by higher stake)

• Police were in their cars, windows up, AC on

• Communities grew distrusted of police

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

PROFESSIONAL ERA

What was going on in the United States in the 1960’s – 1970’s?

Civil Rights Era

Vietnam War

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

PROFESSIONAL ERA

Draft- People didn’t want to get pulled into war, led to the young having a clash with police.

Why?

Because police are the defenders of the status quo.

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

PROFESSIONAL ERA

• The events of the 1960’s and 70’s forced the police, politicians, and policy makers to reassess the state of law enforcement in the U.S.

• Academics, sociologists, political scientists, psychologists and historians began to scrutinize different aspects of policing.

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

At the end of the professional era, there was a series of investigative studies of what was known about the police

What works and what does not

Federal commissions/ studies took a look

Studies found that police did not know anything about their communities

Found that neighborhoods with the highest level of crime had the least interaction with police

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

KANSAS CITY PREVENTIVE PATROL EXPERIMENT

• Divided Kansas City into 5 sections, divided into 3 groups each

• Doubled police patrol, no patrol, control group

• Study lasted 1 year, data was collected through victimization surveys

• At the end of the year, it was found it didn’t make a difference

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

WILMINGTON SPLIT FORCE EXPERIMENT

Decided to split force 70% answering calls, 30% crime prevention

Successful in 2 ways:

1. How police were deployed2. Spatial deployment

30% didn’t know what to do

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

KANSAS CITY AND SAN DIEGO RESPONSE TIME STUDIES

Fast response neither addressed serious crime or enhances citizen satisfaction

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

RAND STUDY OF DETECTIVES

Study found that of cases that did get solved:

50%: someone told police who did it30%: police made arrest on scene 17%: Various other categories (fingerprints, etc.)3%: Solved as a result of creative investigative work

WHAT DOES THIS TELL US?

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

TEAM POLICING 1970’s

Officers assigned to geographical teams

Neighborhood policing units

Wanted police to be more like medical profession

Failed

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

COMMUNITY ERA

• Police-citizen interactions are what matter

• Research that lead us to conclusion that police and community need to collaborate to

develop lawfulness.

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

COMMUNITY ERA

Integral dimensions

1. Engaging and interacting with the community

2. Solving community problems; and3. Adapting internal elements of the

organization to support these new strategies

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

COMMUNITY ERA

• Process for greater sharing of information and values by the police and the community (goes both ways)

• Role has gone from crime fighters to problem solvers and community advocates

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

COMMUNITY ERA

• Partnership built between police and community built on mutual trust, disclosure and shared values.

• Reinforced through regular interaction, critique and discussion

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

COMMUNITY ERA

Mutual understanding between police and community seeks to repair past practices of police talking to and not with the communities they are expected to serve

Ingredients of your community policing program depend on the make up of your community

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

ROLES OF THE CITIZENS - PASSIVE

Implies the process of citizen involvement to provide support to help establish a process to assist police be more effectively.

Weekly structured, members come and go

Citizens take informal actions

Ex: Crime Watch-Getting citizens together to watch neighborhood

Problem with passive citizen role is that people tend to do something when something happens. The goal of crime watch is to reduce crime and fear. People participate because they are afraid. What happens when people join the groups is they realize crime is spontaneous and people drop out. Best way keep citizens involved is to keep citizens afraid

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

ROLES OF THE CITIZENS – ACTIVE

Community groups believe police are part of the problem or not working.

They may have empathy for the police, but they don’t believe police are going to save them.

Ex: Guardian Angels

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

Community Expectations of Police:

1. Protection of citizens’ rights2. Development of solutions to community

crime and disorder problems3. Response to citizens’ non crime needs4. Enhancement of community support for the

rules and laws of society, 5. Development of role models for community

members

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

PROBLEM ORIENTED POLICING

About solving problems

Understanding the root of the problem

“We need to stop running to individual calls and see what each of these calls means”

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

PROBLOM ORIENTED POLICING – SARA MODEL

S – scan (examine what is going on, pull quantitative and qualitative data, interview citizens, police officers, etc.)

A – analyze (assess the data and come up with a response)

R – respond (an attempt to resolve the problem)

A – assess (see if response worked)

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

PROBLEM ORIENTED POLICING

Whispering Hills Experiment

POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY

QUESTIONS