View
5
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
POLI100M:Poli-calPsychology
Lecture5:Media
TaylorN.Carlson
?eenstr@ucsd.edu
Announcements
• AbriefnoteonShortAssignment1
• ShortAssignment2isduenext-me—anyques-ons?
– Youcanuseoneofyourconnec-onsfromShortAssignment1
oryoucantrysomethingnew
– Ifyouuseaconnec-onfromSA1,youshouldconsidermaking
revisionsbasedonthefeedbackyoureceived
• Midtermisaweekfromtoday.Studyguidepostedon
TritonEd.
– 1hour,15minutestocompletemidterm(11am-12:15pm)
– 15minutebreak
– Classwillresumeat12:30(12:30-1:50pm)
• OfficeHours:Tuesday2:30-4:30inSSB341,orby
appointment
Abriefnoteonthesisstatements
• Athesisstatementisthesentencethatstates
themainideaofawri-ngassignmentand
helpscontroltheideaswithinthepaper.
• ItoZenreflectsanopinion,judgment,or
argumentthatawriterhasmadeaboutthe
topicofthepaper
AStrongThesisStatement
• Givesdirec-ontothepaperandlimitswhat
youneedtowriteabout
• Requiresproof—supportyourstatementwith
detailedsuppor-ngevidencetomo-vatethe
readerstocon-nuereadingthepaper
• Men-onsyoursuppor-ngpoints
TipsforWri-ngThesisStatements
• Knowthetopic(whilethisisnotaresearchassignment,youmaywanttothoroughlystudyyour
notesonthetopicandyouarewelcometodo
addi-onalresearch)
• Limityourtopic(narrowisbeaerforashortpaper)
• Brainstorm
• Determinewhatkindofpaperyou’rewri-ng:
– Analy-cal:breaksdownanissueorideaintocomponent
parts,evaluatestheissueoridea,andpresentsthis
breakdown/evalua-ontothereader
– Explanatory:explainssomethingtothereader
– Argumenta-ve:makesaclaimaboutatopicandjus-fies
thisclaimwithspecificevidence.
ExampleThesisStatements
• “JohnUpdike’sTrustMeisavaluablenovelforacollegesyllabusbecauseitallowsthe
readertobecomefamiliarwithhiswri-ngand
providesthemesthatareeasilyconnectedto
otherworks.”
• Source:haps://gustavus.edu/wri-ngcenter/handoutdocs/
thesis_statements.php
ExampleThesisStatements
• Analy-cal:“Ananalysisofthecollegeadmissionprocessrevealsonechallenge
facingcounselors:accep-ngstudentswith
hightestscoresorstudentswithstrong
extracurricularbackgrounds.”
• Source:haps://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/545/01/
ExampleThesisStatements
• Explanatory:“Thelifeofthetypicalcollegestudentischaracterizedby-mespent
studying,aaendingclass,andsocializingwith
peers.”
• Source:haps://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/545/01/
ExampleThesisStatements
• Argumenta-ve:“Highschoolgraduatesshould
berequiredtotakeayearofftopursue
communityserviceprojectsbeforeentering
collegeinordertoincreasetheirmaturityand
globalawareness.”
• Source:haps://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/545/01/
Ques-ons?
LastTime
• Howdoindividualsprocesspoli-calinforma-on?
– Aaribu-ontheory,consistencytheory,lotsofbiases!Confirma-onbias,nega-vitybias,fundamentalaaribu-on
error,etc.
– Weusecogni-vetrickstofilterinforma-on,whichcan
leadtoerrorsinjudgment
• Beliefinmisinforma-on
– Largelydrivenbymo-vatedreasoning
– Backfireeffects!Reallyhardtocorrectmisinforma-on
• Dowehaveenoughinforma-ontovotera-onally?
– Heuris-cs!(PartyID,Ideology,endorsements,viability,
traits,etc.)
– Helpalot,butmightmostlyhelpthepeoplewhoneedit
theleast
Whatques-onsdoyouhave?
Today:DrivingQues-ons
• Whydoindividualschooseinforma-on
sources?
• Whatroledoesthemediaplayinshaping
publicopinion?
• Howdoindividualsprocessinforma-onfrom
themedia?
Today:LearningOutcomes
• Definethefollowingkeyterms:framing
effects,priming,selec-veexposure.Explain
howtheseconceptsrelatetohowindividuals
engagewithinforma-onfromthemedia.
• Explainthepaaernsinmediasourceselec-on
• Evaluatewhetherthemediaisabletoimpact
publicopinion
MediaUseintheU.S.
Source:AmericanPressIns-tute,2014
Source:AmericanPressIns-tute,2014
Theboaomline
• Overall,we’relazy• Overall,we’renotthatinterestedinthenews• Overall,wegetmoreinforma-ononline,but
therearetonsofop-onsoutthere• Overall,wetrustinforma-onfromsome
sourcesmorethanothers,especiallyifthey’re
perceivedtosharesimilarviews
Howdoesthemediainfluencepoli-calaotudes?
• Mediabias
• Framing
• Priming
Percep-onsofMediaBias
Howwouldyouarrangethesenews
outletsfromliberaltoconserva-ve?
• BBCNews
• BreitbartNewsNetwork
• ChicagoTribune
• CNNNews
• DailyKos
• FoxNews
• HuffingtonPost
• LosAngelesTimes
• NBCNews
• NewYorkTimes
• Reuters
• USAToday
• WallStreetJournal
• WashingtonPost
• YahooNews
Source:Budak,Goel,andRao(2016)
Hos-leMediaEffect
• Individualsperceivemediacountertotheir
preferencesasmorebiasedthanmediathat
supportstheirpreferences
Hos-leMediaEffect
• Cogni-veFactors:– Selec-veRecall– Selec-vePercep-on– Mo-vatedReasoning
• SourceFactors• IndividualFactors– Strongeropinions– Involvement
– Strongeriden-ty(socialiden-tytheory)
(Rela-ve)Hos-leMediaEffect
• Individualswithdifferentaotudestowardthe
issuehaveverydifferentevalua-onsofthe
samemediacontent—evenifthatmedia
contentisbiased
MediaBias
• Gatekeeping:themediaoutletdecideswhich
storieswillbecommunicated.
– Newperspec-vesorpar-cularissuescangounreportedàStatusQuoBias
• Examples?
MediaBias
• CoverageBias:Howmuch-meorspaceis
devotedtoapar-cularstory,resul-ngin
more/lessaaen-ontoastory.
• Examples?
MediaBias
• StatementBias:Amemberofthemedia
insertshisorherownviewsintherepor-ngof
astory.
• Examples?
Whichbiasesdoyouseeinthenext
images?
Framing
• Framing:Theprocessbywhichpeople
developapar-cularconceptualiza-onofan
issueorreorienttheirthinkingaboutanissue
• FramingEffect:When(oZensmall)changesin
thepresenta-onofanissueoranevent
produce(some-meslarge)changesofopinion
ExamplesofFramingEffects
Merollaetal.(2013):Immigra-on
• “Ifwecansealourbordersandenforceexis-ngimmigra-onlaws,[illegal/undocumented/unauthorized]
immigrantsshouldbegiven[theopportunityto
eventuallybecomelegalci-zens/amnesty].”
• “[Illegal/undocumented/unauthorized]immigrants
[none/whocametotheUSasyoungchildren]shouldbe
abletoearnlegalstatusiftheygraduatedfromaUShigh
school,havestayedoutoftrouble,andhaveenrolledin
collegeorthemilitary.”
• “Accordingto[currentlaw/theCons-tu-on]anychildbornintheUSisaci-zenoftheUS.The[currentlaw/
Cons-tu-on]shouldbechangedsothatbabiesbornto
[illegal/undocumented/unauthorized]immigrantsliving
intheUSdonotautoma-callybecomeUSci-zens.”
Iyengar(1987):Poverty
• Na-onalpoverty:newsstoryabouttheincreaseinpovertyna-onwideandthesignificantreduc-onsinthe
scopeoffederalsocialwelfareprograms
• Highunemployment:newsstorythatjuxtaposedthe
na-onalunemploymentratewiththesizeofthefederal
budgetdeficit
• Vic-msofeconomichardship
– Highcostofheat:twofamiliesunabletopaytheirhea-ngbills
– Homeless:twoblackteenagerslivingonthestreetsofNYC
andawhitecoupleforcedtoliveintheircarinSanDiego
– Unemployedworker:financialdifficul-esfacingthefamilyof
anunemployedautoworkerinOhio
Source:Lajevardiworkingpaper
Howdoesframingwork?
• AccessibilityModel:Framingdependsonthe
individualandaaen-ontotheissue.
Preexis-ngviewsaremademoreaccessible.
• ImportanceChangeModel:Framesmake
someconsidera-onsmoreimportantthan
others.
Howdoesframingwork?
• Inorderforaframingeffecttooccur,agiven
considera-onneedstobe:
– Storedinmemory
– Accessible• Regularorrecentexposure• Passiveorunconsciousprocess
• Strongframes
– Availability– Accessibility– Applicability
Howdoesframingwork?
• Moderators:variablesthatcondi-ontheeffects
[offraming]
• IndividualPredisposi-ons:– Strongvalues,strongprioraotudes=lesssuscep-ble
toframingeffects
• Increasedresistancetodisconfirminginforma-on
• PerceivedApplicability:framesdeliveredby
crediblesourcesaremorelikelytoshiZopinions
• ExposuretoDelibera-onorpeopleholdingvaryingopinionscanmuteframingeffects
Priming
Priming
• Priming:anonconsciousformofhumanmemory
concernedwithperceptualiden-fica-onof
wordsandobjects.Referstoac-va-ngpar-cular
representa-onsorassocia-onsinmemoryjust
beforecarryingoutanac-onortask.
• Primingeffects:Occurwhenthemen-onofa
specificconsidera-oninonecontext(theprime)
increasestheaccessibilityofthatconsidera-on,
leadingtoanincreaseintheuseofthattraitin
laterevalua-onsofasocialtarget
Howdoesprimingwork?
• Individualssa,sfice:makeadecisionthatis
adequateratherthanop-mallybasedupon
fullconsidera-onofallrelevantinforma-on
(Miller&Krosnick1996)
• Accessibility• Availability
Howdoesthemediaprime?
ThePrimingHypothesis
• Themoreaaen-oncampaignsandthemedia
paytoapar-cularaspectofpoli-callife,the
moreci-zenswillrelyonthatconsidera-onin
theirpoli-calevalua-ons(Iyengar&Kinder
1987)
• Examples?
Examples
• Primingindividualstothinkaboutcollec-ve
responsibilityforclimatechangecausesmore
dona-onstoclimateeffortsthanpriming
individualstothinkaboutindividualresponsibility
oracontrolprime(dailyrou-ne)(Obradovich&
Guenther2016)
• PrimingCanadianswithimagesofPresident
ObamainsteadofPresidentBushincreased
posi-veevalua-onsoftheUnitedStates
(Dragojlovic2011)
• Issuesthemediaemphasizesaremorelikelyto
beusedinevalua-ngcandidates(Druckman
2004)
ApplyingFramingandPriming
Recommended