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Polarity of Solvents
Background Information for Soap Lab
A Hydrocarbon
• Typical petroleum product
• Non-polar
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 470
Oil and Water Don’t Mix
• Oil is nonpolar• Water is polar
“Like dissolves like”
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 470
Hydrogenation
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 570
+ H2
vegetable oils shortening stick margarine
tub (soft)margarine
Molecular Polarity
H–C–H
H
H–C–H
H–C–H
H–C–H
H
H H
O
nonpolar molecules: -- e– are shared equally-- tend to be symmetric
e.g., fats and oils
polar molecules: -- e– NOT shared equallye.g., water
“Like dissolves likeLike dissolves like.”polar + polar = solutionnonpolar + nonpolar = solutionpolar + nonpolar = suspension (won’t mix evenly)
Using Solubility Principles
C=CCl
ClCl
Cl
Chemicals used by body obey solubility principles.
-- fat-soluble vitamins: e.g., vits. A, D
Dry cleaning employs nonpolar liquids.-- polar liquids damage wool, silk
-- also, dry clean for stubborn stains (ink, rust, grease)-- tetrachloroethylene is in common use
-- water-soluble vitamins: e.g., vit. C
MODEL OF A SOAP MOLECULE
NONPOLARHYDROCARBON
TAIL
POLARHEAD
Na1+
emulsifying agent (emulsifier): -- molecules w/both a polar AND a nonpolar end-- allows polar and nonpolar substances to mix
detergent lecithin eggse.g., soap
Soap Making
A 20-mule team hauling borax out of the valley. Photo provided by the National Park Service.
Borax (Na2B4O7 _10H2O), the most widespread borate mineral was found to
help remove dirt from people and cloth. Borax is crumbly and powdery, and dissolves easily in water. Borax became an alternative to the very harsh soap
which was used prior to the discovery of borax in the late 1800's. This light and easy to use substance was hailed the world over as a washing, cleansing,
antiseptic, preservative, and medicine miracle. In the 1880s, large borate deposits were discovered in Death Valley,
California. However, the Death Valley borate deposits were located almost 170 miles from the nearest railway. In order to get the borate to the railway
economically, the owners of the Death Valley mines used large wagons pulled by teams of 20 mules. The detergents made from this borate were thus sold
as "20 Mule Team Borax".
A 20 mule team hauling borax in Death Valley
http://www.unit5.org/christjs/tempT27dFields-Jeff/Solutions1.htm
Soap Article
KeysKeysKeysKeys
Soap Article
ChemMatters Feb. 1985 Questions
The Story on Suds(8 min 19 sec)
Soap Article
ChemMatters Feb. 1985 Questions
Saponification
Glyceryl tripalmitate(tripalmitin)
Glycerol3 sodium palmitate(soap)
A Phospholipid
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 576
Stearic Acid
Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A Wolrd of Choices 1999, page 257
Fatty acidCarboxylic acid group
SoapCOO- bonds to a metal ion (Na+)
Na+
H+ lost from COOH
Cleaning Action of Soap
Micelle
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 573
SOAP vs. DETERGENT-- made from animal and -- made from petroleum vegetable fats -- works better in hard
water
Hard water contains minerals w/ions like Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+ that
replace Na1+ at polar end of soap molecule. Soap is changed into
an insoluble precipitate (i.e., soap scum).
micelle: a liquid droplet covered w/soap or detergent molecules
Solvation
NONPOLAR
NONPOLAR
POLAR
POLAR
““Like Dissolves Like”Like Dissolves Like”““Like Dissolves Like”Like Dissolves Like”
Solvation
• Soap / DetergentSoap / Detergent– polar “head” with long nonpolar “tail”– dissolves nonpolar grease in polar water
micelle
http://www.unit5.org/christjs/tempT27dFields-Jeff/Solutions1.htm
Lab - Soap Making
KeysKeysKeysKeys
Lab: SOAP making
Lab: SOAP making
A Model of a Cell Membrane
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 587
Polar
Nonpolar
Cholesterol ProteinsPhospholipidbilayer
Formation of a Triglyceride
Lava LampIt is…
a philosophy
once ruled our world
an art form
progressive
post-modern
here to stay
Lava LampIt is…
a philosophy
the primordial ooze
once ruled our world
the momentan art forma classic
progressiveprehistoric
post-modern
here to stay
Polar mixtureWater
Polyethylene glycol
Nonolar mixtureChlorinated paraffin
Paraffin from kerosene
Heat transfer coil
Bulb gives heat and light
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
Cl H H H H Cl H H H H H Cl H H H H Cl H H H
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H
H H H Cl H H H H Cl H H H H H Cl H H H Cl H
H H H H H H H H
H-O-C-C-O-C-C-O-C-C-O-C-C-O-H
H H H H H H H H
H H
O
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