View
225
Download
1
Category
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Komponen Penelitian Ilmiah Obyektif / Subjektif Systematis Metodologis 3 Bina Nusantara University
Citation preview
POLA ANALISA SOSIALPertemuan 12
Matakuliah : Sosiologi Komunikasi MassaTahun : 2009/2010
Komponen Penelitian Ilmiah• Obyektif / Subjektif• Systematis• Metodologis
3Bina Nusantara University
Pilihan Metodologi– Research Questions
– Pertanyaan Penelitian– Research Goals
– Tujuan Penelitian– Researcher Beliefs and Values
– Nilai-nilai dan Kepercayaan Peneliti– Researcher Skills
– Kemampuan Peneliti– Time and Funds
– Waktu dan Dana
4Bina Nusantara University
Sumber Data• Kualitatif
– Artifact– Speech– Behavior
• Kuantitatif– Variable
5Bina Nusantara University
Konteks Penelitian– Who were the subjects?
• Umur, Jenis Kelamin, Warga Negara, dll• Pendidikan, Pengalaman Kerja, dll
– What were they doing?• Deskripsi Pekerjaan, dll• Current projects, etc
– When was data collected?• Time of day and year• How did it fit into their day?
– Where did data collection take place?• Physical surroundings• Geographical location
– Why did they participate?• Motivations, both individual and organizational
– How was data gathered?• Details of methods – recording, format, who was present, etc.
6Bina Nusantara University
Qualitative and Quantitative Paradigms
• The qualitative paradigm concentrates on investigating subjective data, in particular, the perceptions of the people involved. The intention is to illuminate these perceptions and, thus, gain greater insight and knowledge.
• The quantitative paradigm concentrates on what can be measured. It involves collecting and analysing objective (often numerical) data that can be organised into statistics.
7Bina Nusantara University
Defining Media events• Mediated history?• ‘the high holidays of mass communication’
(Dayan and Katz)• Different from – and often interrupt – normal
scheduled programming– Live– Remote– Pre-planned
8Bina Nusantara University
Media events in theoretical context – Durkheim
• Elementary Forms of the Religious Life– ‘the sacred’ and ‘the profane’– Society celebrates itself through ritual
• The Division of Labour– ‘organic solidarity’– ‘mechanical solidarity’
9Bina Nusantara University
Media events as ritual
• Anthropological accounts of role of ritual in society (Turner, Van Gennep)
• Media events provide feelings of unity and togetherness for atomised, individualised audiences
• BUT - ‘Media events…are privileged moments, not because they reveal society’s underlying solidarity, but because they reveal the mythical construction of the mediated centre at its most intense’ (Couldry)
Social Order (in crisis?)
Social Order (restored)
Ritual
‘liminality’
‘communitas’
10Bina Nusantara University
Media events and Weber• Three forms of authority
– Rational-legal– Charismatic– Traditional
• Different types of media events draw on or reflect different forms of authority (conquests, contests and coronations)
11Bina Nusantara University
Contests • Typically political or
sporting contests (election campaigns, debates, Olympics, World Cup)
• Fixed and cyclical• Rational authority• Agreed rules – ‘a level
playing field; ‘the best man (sic) will win’
12Bina Nusantara University
Conquests• The rarest events –
moments of human achievement or triumph (Moon landings, Mandela, Sadat in Jerusalem)
• Acts of ‘heroism’ • Charismatic authority• Changing the rules –
signalling change and progress
13Bina Nusantara University
Coronations• Not fixed in time – but
recurrent (Elizabeth II, Royal Weddings, Diana’s Funeral)
• The ‘nation’ is the stage
• Traditional authority• Signals continuity
14Bina Nusantara University
Re-thinking media events• Is this sufficient to account for all media events in
21st century? (the unplanned?; the ‘invented’)• Are audiences unified? (Princess Diana)• Media events in the digital age
– Media events restore the primacy of broadcasting
– Give broadcasters the chance to demonstrate their centrality & innovativeness
15Bina Nusantara University
Social Policy and Mass Media
• What effect does movie and TV violence have on audiences?
• Does violence in the media lead people, especially youth, to become more violent?
• Media Violence– The Issue
16Bina Nusantara University
Social Policy and Mass Media
• We spend great deal of time with the media• Does watching hours of mass media with
violent images cause one to behave differently?
– Some studies linked exposure to media violence to subsequent aggressive behavior
• Media Violence– The Setting
It is important to recognize that other factors besides the media are also related to aggressive behavior.
17Bina Nusantara University
Social Policy and Mass Media
• If function of media is to entertain, socialize, and enforce social norms, can violence be part of that message?
• Even if viewer does not necessarily become more violent from watching violent images, there could be desensitization
• Media Violence– Sociological Insights
18Bina Nusantara University
Social Policy and Mass Media
• Conflict and feminist theorists are troubled that victims depicted in violent imagery are often:
– Women– Children– Poor– Racial minorities– Citizens of foreign countries– Physically disabled
• Media Violence– Sociological Insights
19Bina Nusantara University
Social Policy and Mass Media
• Interactionists especially interested in finding out if violence in media may then become script for real-life behavior
• Media Violence– Sociological Insights
20Bina Nusantara University
Reluctance to pass laws regarded as censorship
Social Policy and Mass Media
• Policymakers responded to links between violence depicted in media and real life aggression:
– Public statements of support for family-oriented, less-violent media content
• Media Violence– Policy Initiatives
21Bina Nusantara University
Social Policy and Mass MediaFigure 7-4. Violence on Prime-Time Television, 1998—2002
Source: Parents Television Council 2003
22Bina Nusantara University
Conclusions• Media events and ‘the live broadcasting of
history’• Weber and Durkheim (and anthropological
accounts of ritual) offer new perspectives on media power
• ‘Unify’ atomized audiences• Re-assert the primacy of broadcasting for a
dispersed audience
23Bina Nusantara University
Recommended