Pointer H1 Pointer H2 Pointer H3 BIP-8 B2 APS K1 APS K2 DCC D4 DCC D5 DCC D6 DCC D7 DCC D8 DCC D9...

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PointerH1

PointerH2

PointerH3

BIP-8B2

APSK1

APSK2

DCCD4

DCCD5

DCCD6

DCCD7

DCCD8

DCCD9

DCCD10

DCCD11

DCCD12

SyncS1/Z1

FEBEM0/M1/Z2

OWE2

Transport overhead

125 microsec.

9 rows

90 bytes

3 bytes

TransportOverhead

STS-1 Envelope Capacity

FramingA1

FramingA2

SectionTrace J0

BIP-8B1

OWE1

UserF1

DCCD1

DCCD2

DCCD3

Line Overhead

Section Overhead

29

STS-1 SPE path overhead

STS-1 Envelope Capacity

9 rows

90 bytes3 bytes

TransportOverhead

STS Path Overhead

TraceJ1

BIP-8B3

LabelC2

StatusG1

UserF2

MultiframeH4

GrowthZ3

GrowthZ4

TCMZ5

Payload CapacitySynchronous

PayloadEnvelope

30

Framing bytes (A1, A2)

1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 01 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

A1 Byte A2 Byte

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Hex: F628

31

Scrambling

Envelope Capacity

125 microsec.

TransportOverhead

Scrambler polynomial = 1 + X6 + X7Scrambler polynomial = 1 + X6 + X7

Scrambler reset to 11111111

Not scrambled

Scrambled

32

Section trace (J0)

Trace ID Value

ID=2

ID=3

ID=4

ID=5

J0 Byte

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 8 8

33

Path trace (J1)

Vancouver

Toronto

DS3

DS3

Path trace code assigned to indicatephysical location of path source Equipment provisioned to

monitor path trace code = Vancouver

CR LF

64 character ASCII string

STS-1 framen n+1 n+2 n+63

J1 bytes

Common LanguageLocation Identifier (CLLI)

Recommended Use:

34

Section BIP-8 (B1)

Even parity calculated overall bit 1s from entire STS-N frame

Even parity calculated overall bit 8s from entire STS-N frame

B1 Byte

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

35

Line BIP-8 (B2)

Even parity calculated overall bit 1s from entire STS-1 frameexcluding section overhead

Even parity calculated overall bit 8s from entire STS-1 frameexcluding section overhead

B2 Byte

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

36

Line remote error indication (M0/M1)

Example: 2 out of 8 B2 (Line BIP-8)parity bits detected as wrong in frame n

Line REI sent with binaryvalue 2 in next outgoing frame

4 bit binary value for OC-1 interfaces (M0)

M0/M1 Byte

8 bit binary value for OC-N interfaces (M1)

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

37

Path BIP-8 (B3)

Even parity calculated overall bit 1s from entire SPE frame

Even parity calculated overall bit 8s from entire SPE frame

B3 Byte

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

38

Path status (G1)

G1 Byte

Path REI RDI Unused

REI = Remote Error IndicationRDI = Remote Defect Indication

0 X X No defects0 0 1 No defects0 1 0 Payload defects (payload label mismatch,

ATM loss of cell delineation)1 1 0 Connectivity defects (path trace mismatch,

unequipped)1 0 1 Server defects (path AIS, loss of pointer)

NOTE: Exceptions to handle backwards compatibilityare documented in GR-253.

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

39

Line RDI

K2 Byte

Channel # 111 Line AIS110 Line RDI101 Bidirectional APS100 Unidirectional APS

0 1+1 Mode1 1:N Mode

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

40

Section orderwire (E1)

LineTerminal Regenerator

LineTerminal

E1 Byte

41

Line orderwire (E2)

LineTerminal Regenerator

LineTerminal

E2 Byte

42

Section user channel (F1)

LineTerminal Regenerator

LineTerminal

F1 Byte

AlarmMonitor

MonitoredElement

43

Path user channel (F2)

Vancouver

Toronto

DS3

DS3

User Info

F2 Byte

44

SONET data communications channels (D1-D3, D4-D12)

OS = Operations System

NE = Network Element

NE

D1-3 Bytes = Section Data Comm Channel (192 kbit/s)D4-12 Bytes = Line Data Comm Channel (576 kbit/s)

OSOS NEExternal

DataNetwork

NEGatewayNE

45

Synchronization status messaging (S1)

Building IntegratedTiming Supply

S1= Stratum 1 traceable S1= Stratum 3 traceableS1= Stratum 1 traceable

S1 = Don’t Use S1 = Don’t Use S1 = Don’t Use

BITSBITS

S1

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

0 0 0 0 Synchronized - traceability unknown0 0 0 1 Stratum 1 traceable0 1 1 1 Stratum 2 traceable1 0 1 0 Stratum 3 traceable1 1 0 0 20ppm clock traceable1 1 1 0 Reserved for network synchronization1 1 1 1 Don’t use for synchronization

47

Path signal label (C2)

Hex Value Payload0001020412131415

E1-FC

UnequippedEquipped - Nonspecific payloadVirtual TributariesDS3139.264Mb/sATMDQDBFDDIPayload Defect Indicator (PDI)

C2 Byte

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

48

Tandem connection monitoring

PhotonicConvert STS-N signal

to optical pulses

SectionFraming and scrambling

Add section overhead

LineMultiplex SPEs

Add line overheadAutomatic protection

STS PathMap payloads into STS SPE

Add path overhead

SONETNetwork Element

STS Synchronous Payload Envelope

STS-N with Line Overhead

Light pulses

STS-N with Line and Section Overhead

Payloads (DS3, video)

Payloads (DS1, DS2) VT PathMap payloads into VT SPE

Add path OH VT Synchronous Payload Envelope

OptionalTandem Connection

Performance monitoring overpath segments

STS Synchronous Payload Envelope

49

Tandem connection monitoring

STS Path

Line

Section

Photonic

STS PathDS3 DS3

DS3

Section SectionSectionSection

LineLine

Tandem Connection

STS Path

PathTerminatingEquipment

(PTE)

TandemConnectionTerminatingEquipment

(TCTE)

LineTerminatingEquipment

(LTE)

TandemConnectionTerminatingEquipment

(TCTE)

PathTerminatingEquipment

(PTE)

TC

Line

Section

Photonic

Line

Section

Photonic

STS Path

TC

Line

Section

Photonic

LineLine

Line

Section

Photonic

50

TCM byte (Z5)

Z5 Byte

IEC Data Link

IEC - Incoming Error Count

PTE TCTE TCTE PTE

DS3 DS3

IEC and Data Link Tandem ConnectionMonitor

OC-12

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

OC-48 OC-12

51

STS-1 payload pointer offset

STS Pointer

Frame N

STS Pointer

Frame N + 1

STS-1 SPE

125 µs

250 µs

1 4041 87

90 bytes

63

STS payload pointer (H1, H2)

I - Increment BitsD - Decrement BitsNDF Not Set = 0110

NDF Set = 1001

Concatenation Flag

H1 H2

0 1 1 0 X X I D I D I D I D I D

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

NotUsed

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

New Data Flag Pointer Offset

70

Multiframe indicator (H4)

00H4

V4 Bytes

01H4

V1 Bytes

10H4

V2 Bytes

11H4

V3 Bytes

00H4

V4 Bytes

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

H4 Byte

VT SubFrameCounter

X X X X X X

88

Single-ended performance monitoring

DS3

PathTerminal

LineTerminal

PathTerminal

DS3

Degraded

Section BIP-8 (B1)

B1 errorsdetected

B1 B1

Line BIP-8 (B2)B2 errorsdetected B2

Line REI (M0/M1)Far-endline errorscounted

M0/M1

Path BIP-8 (B3)B3 errorsdetected

Path REI (G1 bits 1-4)Far-endpath errorscounted

Regen

TimeFlow

99

Maintenance signaling

DS1

VT/STS PathTerminal

LineTerminal

STS PathTerminal

DS1

Regen

LOSdetected

Line AIS

STS PathAIS (H1/H2)

STS Path AISdetected

STS Path RDI (G1)STS Path RDIdetected

Line AISdetected(K2)

Line RDI (K2)

Line RDIdetected

VT/STS PathTerminal

VT AIS (V1/V2)

DS3DS3

DS3 AIS VT Path AISdetected

VT Path RDIdetected

VT Path RDI (V5)

(The remaining signaling only occurs if the Line Terminal cannot restore the traffic with a protection switch)

TimeFlow

VT/STS PathTerminal

STS PathAIS (H1/H2)

STS Path AISdetected

DS1

DS1 AIS

VT Path AISdetected

DS1 AIS

VT Path RDI (V5)

STS Path RDI (G1)

100

Linear 1+1

LineTerminal

LineTerminal

LineTerminal

LineTerminal

Working Channel

Protection Channel

RegenRegen

102

Linear 1:N

LineTerminal

LineTerminal

LineTerminal

LineTerminal

Working Channel #1

Protection Channel

Working Channel #2

Working Channel #N

103

APS bytes (K1, K2) - linear protection

SwitchPreemptionPriority

1111 Lockout of Protection1110 Forced Switch1101 Signal Fail - High1100 Signal Fail - Low1011 Signal Degrade - High1010 Signal Degrade - Low1001 1000 Manual Switch0111 0110 Wait-to-Restore0101 0100 Exercisor0011 0010 Reverse Request0001 Do Not Revert0000 No Request

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

K1 Byte

Channel #

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

K2 Byte

Channel # 111 Line AIS110 Line RDI101 Bidirectional APS100 Unidirectional APS

0 1+1 Mode1 1:N Mode

104

1:N APS signaling

LineTerminal

LineTerminal

LineTerminal

LineTerminal

Working Channel #1

Protection Channel

Working Channel #2

Working Channel #N

Signal Faildetected on Chn 2

K1 = Signal Fail, Chn 2 K2 = Chn 1, 1:N, Bi

K1 = Reverse Request, Chn 2 K2 = Chn 2, 1:N, Bi

K1 = Signal Fail, Chn 2 K2 = Chn 2, 1:N, Bi

Chn 2 bridged

Chn 2 bridged& switched

Chn 2 bridged & switched

TimeFlow

105

Unidirectional path switched rings

WorkingProtection

Ring Node

106

Unidirectional path switched rings

Working FiberProtection Fiber

Ring Node

Fiber CutPath AIS

107

Bidirectional line switched rings

Ring Node

Clockwise FiberCounter Clockwise Fiber

108

Bidirectional line switched rings

Ring Node

Fiber Cut

Clockwise - Working

CCW - Working

CW - Prot.

CCW - Prot.

109

APS bytes (K1, K2) - ring protection

SwitchPreemptionPriority

1111 Lockout of Protection1110 Forced Switch - Span1101 Forced Switch - Ring1100 Signal Fail - Span1011 Signal Fail - Ring1010 Signal Degrade - Protection1001 Signal Degrade - Span1000 Signal Degrade - Ring0111 Manual Switch - Span0110 Manual Switch - Ring0101 Wait-to-Restore0100 Exercisor - Span0011 Exercisor - Ring0010 Reverse Request - Span0001 Reverse Request - Ring0000 No Request

111 Line AIS110 Line RDI011 Extra Traffic010 Bridged and Switched Status001 Bridged Status000 Idle

K2 Byte

DestinationNode ID

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

K1 Byte

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

SourceNode ID

0 Short Path Code1 Long Path Code

110

Survivable ring interconnect

Ring #1 Ring #2

SEL

Drop and Continue

Path Selection

Protection path maybe carried on workingchannels or protectionchannels

DS1, DS3, STS-N, OC-N

111

Payload defect indicator

Ring #1 Ring #2

SEL DCSDCS

DS3STS-1

STS Payload Defect Indicator (PDI)triggers the selector in the event ofthe DS3 failure

STS-1

112

ITU - SDH recommendations

G.707SDH bit rates, frame & multiplexing structure, mappings, and functions of overhead

G.781structure of recommendations on SDH equipment

G.782types and general characteristics of SDH equipment

G.783characteristics of SDH equipment functional blocks

G.784management of SDH equipment and networks

G.803SDH transport network architectures

G.841SDH network protection architectures

G.842interworking of SDH network protection architectures

G.957optical interface specifications for SDH systems

G.958 interface specifications for SDH systems

114

ANSI standardsANSI T1.105

basic SONET format, overhead definitionsANSI T1.105.01

SONET automatic protection switchingANSI T1.105.02

SONET payload mappingsANSI T1.105.03

Jitter at (SONET) Network InterfacesANSI T1.105.04

SONET Data Communications Channel Protocols and ArchitectureANSI T1.105.05

Tandem Connection MonitoringANSI T1.105.06

SONET physical layer specificationsANSI T1.105.07

Sub-STS-1 Interface Rates and Formats (VT1.5 and VT Group)ANSI T1.105.09

SONET Timing and SynchronizationANSI T1.106

Original version of ANSI T1.105.06ANSI T1.117

Electrical physical layer specifications including STS-1 and STS-3

115

Bellcore standards

GR-499SONET Transport System Generic Requirements

GR-253SONET Common Generic Criteria

GR-1377OC-192 Criteria

GR-1230Bidirectional Line Switched Rings (BLSR)

GR-1400Unidirectional Path Switched Rings (UPSR)

116

ETSI standardsETS 300 147

SDH multiplexing structureETS 300 232/A1

Optical interfaces for SDHETS 300 417-1-1

SDH equipment; Generic processes and performance ETS 300 417-2-1

SDH and PDH physical section layer functionsETS 300 417-4-1

SDH path layer functionsETS 300 462-5

Generic requirements for synchronization of SDHETS 300 746

SDH network protectionETS 300 484

SDH information modelETR 114

architecture of SDH transport networks

117

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