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CRICOS code 00025B
Plant functional traits for species selection in
tropical subsistence agroforestry systems
A case study of the Philippine National Greening Program
Michelle Mogilski
PhD Candidate
Supervisors: Prof. John Herbohn & Associate Prof. Jennifer Firn
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Restoration success often hinges on appropriate site-species matching!
Species selection should consider
• The project’s goals and objectives
• Current site biotic/abiotic conditions plus potential changing conditions
• Seed availability and genetic quality
• The ability to grow with and complement other species
• And the ability to outcompete weed species
The Challenge of Species Selection
2
Plant functional traits for species selection in tropical subsistence agroforestry systems
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What influences species selection for NGP participants?
3
Plant functional traits for species selection in tropical subsistence agroforestry systems
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What influences species selection for NGP participants?
4
Plant functional traits for species selection in tropical subsistence agroforestry systems
• Generally ad-hoc
• Seed availability/wildings
• Recommended by DENR
• Resilience
• Domestic/traditional uses
• Income generation
• Market demand
• Local knowledge
• Extension materials
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What are the trends of species selection in the NGP?
5
Plant functional traits for species selection in tropical subsistence agroforestry systems
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What are the trends of species selection in the NGP?
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Plant functional traits for species selection in tropical subsistence agroforestry systems
• 639 named species belonging to 117 families and 392 genera
• 51 – 72% of species used were native
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Biodiversity across the Regions
7
Plant functional traits for species selection in tropical subsistence agroforestry systems
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Ind
ex V
alu
e
Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index (H)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Nu
mb
er
of
Sp
ecie
s
Species Richness
Luzon
Mindanao
Visayas
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Frequency of Families in NGP Plantings (2011-2017)
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Plant functional traits for species selection in tropical subsistence agroforestry systems
0
5
10
15
20
25
Rel
ativ
e Fr
equ
en
cy (
%)
• 50.5% of species were Fabaceace > Malvaceae > Moraceace > Meliaceae
• The top 20 families represent 94% of the species
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Frequency of Genera in NGP Plantings (2011-2017)
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Plant functional traits for species selection in tropical subsistence agroforestry systems
Narr
a*
Mahog
any*
Falc
ata
*
Yem
ane
*
Ipil-
Ipil*
e.g
. A
uri
e.g
. M
ola
ve
Kakaw
ate
*
e.g
. B
akauan
Dungon*
e.g
. R
ub
be
r
Co
ffee
Cacao*
Ram
buta
n*
Lanzones*
e.g
. L
an
gka
Durian
Mangg
a
e.g
. A
tis
e.g
. L
em
on
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Rela
tive F
requency (
%)
Wood
Rubber
Fruit
• 77% of the species are represented by these 20 genera• 10 of the genera are represented by a single species
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Commodity Diversity
10
Plant functional traits for species selection in tropical subsistence agroforestry systems
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Ind
ex
Va
lue
Shannon-Weaver Diversity (H) of Commodities
Luzon
Mindanao
Visayas
• Timber
• Fuelwood
• Fruit
• High Value Crops
(Cacao/Coffee)
• Indigenous species
• Fast Growing species
• Rubber/latex
• Bamboo
• Rattan
• Urban/Ornamental
• Mangrove
• Reforestation
• Etc.
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• Indigenous
• Fast Growing
• Premium timber
Narra (Pterocarpus indicus)
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Plant functional traits for species selection in tropical subsistence agroforestry systems
Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus)
• Indigenous
• Fruit
• Timber
• Fuelwood
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• Indigenous, Fast Growing
• Premium timber
• Moderate Drought Tolerance
• Low susceptibility to Pest and Disease
• Important wildlife habitat
• Nitrogen Fixing
• Soil stabiliser/erosion control
• Windbreak
• Shade/shelter
• Apiculture (honey source)
• Tannin (kino)
• Ornamental
Narra (Pterocarpus indicus)
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Plant functional traits for species selection in tropical subsistence agroforestry systems
Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus)
• Indigenous
• Fruit/Timber/Fuelwood
• Moderate Drought Tolerance
• Weed suppressing (Imperata)
• Soil stabiliser/erosion control
• Windbreak
• Shade/shelter
• Intercropping
• Medicinal uses
• Tannin
• Latex/resin
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• A feature of a species linked to a specific role it plays in the ecosystem (effect trait)
• Capacity to respond to a given disturbance or environmental change (response trait)
• Can be morphological, physiological, biochemical or reproductive
What is a functional trait?
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Plant functional traits for species selection in tropical subsistence agroforestry systems
Root characteristics
(Nitrogen fixing)
Growth rate
(Slow)
Dispersal method
(Water/wind)
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• Overcome abiotic/biotic barriers to restoration success
• Invasion resistance (niche limitation)
• Functional diversity promotes niche complementarity
• Create adaptive/resilient communities
• Introduce desired or lost ecosystem functions/services
Functional Traits = Theory-driven Restoration
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Plant functional traits for species selection in tropical subsistence agroforestry systems
Laughlin, D.C. (2014). Applying trait-based models to achieve functional targets for theory-driven ecological restoration. Ecology Letters. 17(7): 771-784. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.uq.edu.au/10.1111/ele.12288
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Selecting functional traits for socio-economic benefit
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Plant functional traits for species selection in tropical subsistence agroforestry systems
“…beyond timber, soil
erosion, biodiversity, and
carbon, there is also a
tangible forest, daily visited,
harvested, and reshaped by
farmers” (Michon et al. 2007)
Michon, G., H. De Foresta, P. Levang, and F. Verdeaux 2007. Domestic forests: a new paradigm for integrating local communities’ forestry into tropical forest science. Ecology and Society 12(2): 1.
[online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss2/art1/
Image adapted from Díaz S, Fargione J, Chapin FS III, Tilman D (2006) Biodiversity Loss Threatens Human Well-Being. PLOS Biology 4(8): e277. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040277
FUNCTIONAL
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• Continue exploring trends in NGP species selection data
• Find functional traits and traditional uses for commonly utilised species
• Determine how these traits relate to restoration goals, especially for
socioeconomic outcomes
• Determine which traits are complementary in mixed-species plantations
I welcome any other ideas or collaboration!
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Plant functional traits for species selection in tropical subsistence agroforestry systems
Future Directions
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