Physics sTANDARD level PAPeR 3 PAST PAPERS - SUBJECT...(iv) As Ann approaches Sirius, she sends a...

2210-6512 23 pages

M10/4/PHYSI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+

Tuesday 11 May 2010 (morning)

PhysicssTANDARD levelPAPeR 3

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

• Write your session number in the boxes above.• Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.• Answer all of the questions from two of the Options in the spaces provided.• At the end of the examination, indicate the letters of the Options answered in the

candidate box on your cover sheet.

1 hour

Candidate session number

2 2 1 0 6 5 1 2

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Option A — Sight and wave phenomena

A1. Thisquestionisabouttheeyeandsight.

(a) State,byreferencetohumanvision,whatismeantbyaccommodation.

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(b) Explainhowaccommodationisachievedinthehumaneye.

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(c) The light output from two particular lamps is described as “warm-white” and as“cold-white”. Both lamps emit the full spectrum of colours. State how the visualimpressionoftemperaturedifferencemaybeachieved.

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A2. ThisquestionisabouttheDopplereffect.

Atonepointinanartery,bloodcellsflowalongtheaxisofthearterywithspeedv,asshown.

artery wall

blood cell

ultrasound beamfrequency 4.5 MHz

(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question A2 continued)

A parallel beam of ultrasound of frequency 4.5MHz is incident on the artery at an angleof 40.

Thespeedofultrasoundinthebodytissuesis c = × −1 5 103 1. ms . TheultrasounddetectedafterreflectionfromthebloodcellsisfoundtobeDoppler-shiftedin

frequencyby740Hz. The expression for theDoppler shift ∆f of the ultrasound of frequency f may be assumed

∆ =f fvc

( cos ) .2 θ

(a) Forthisstatedexpression,explaintheinclusionof

(i) thefactorof2.

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(ii) thefactor cosθ.

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(b) Determineavalueforthespeedofthebloodcellsintheartery.

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A3. Thisquestionisaboutpolarization.

(a) Statewhatismeantbypolarizedlight.

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(b) Describeandexplainhowpolarizationmaybeusedinstressanalysis.Youmaydrawa diagramifyouwish.

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Option B — Quantum physics and nuclear physics

B1. Thisquestionisaboutthewavenatureofmatter.

(a) DescribethedeBrogliehypothesis.

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(b) OutlineanexperimenttoverifythedeBrogliehypothesis.

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(c) ShowthatthedeBrogliewavelengthofelectronsacceleratedfromrestthroughapotentialdifferenceof150Vis1 0 10 10. × − m.

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B2. Thisquestionisaboutalpha(α )particlescattering.

Anexperimentiscarriedoutinwhichalpha( )α particlesofinitialkineticenergy5.0MeVarefiredatapieceofgoldfoil.Theprotonnumberofgoldis79.

Determinethedistanceofclosestapproachofanalpha( )α particletoagoldnucleus.

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B3. Thisquestionisaboutβ +(positron)decay.

(a) In a β + decay, a positron is emitted along with a neutrino, and a γ -ray photon.Althoughtheenergyspectrumfor γ -rays involvedisdiscrete,theenergyspectrumforthepositronsiscontinuous.

(i) State the difference between a discrete energy spectrum and a continuousenergyspectrum.

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(ii) Explainhowtheexistenceoftheneutrinoaccountsforthecontinuousnatureofthepositronenergyspectrum.

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(Question B3 continued)

(b) Sodium-22isaradioisotopeusedinnuclearmedicinethatundergoesβ +decay. Thehalf-lifeofsodium-22is2.6years. Asampleofsodium-22hasaninitialactivityof6 2 109. × Bq.

(i) Definedecay constant.

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(ii) Calculatethedecayconstantofsodium-22.

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(iii) Calculatetheactivityofthesampleofsodium-22after8.0years.

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Option C — Digital technology

C1. Thisquestionisaboutstoringinformation.

Informationmaybestoredeitherinanalogueformorindigitalform.

(a) Distinguishbetweenanalogueinformationanddigital information. [2]

Analogue: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Digital: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) Stateonemethodbywhichinformationmaybestoredin

(i) analogueform.

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(ii) digitalform.

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(c) Stateandexplaintworeasonswhy,formanypurposes,digitalstorageofinformationisreplacinganaloguestorage.

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2:.....................................................................

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(d) Suggest two possible implications for society of the ever-increasing capability ofdatastorage.

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C2. Thisquestionisaboutanamplifiercircuit.

The diagram below shows an amplifier circuit incorporating an ideal operationalamplifier(op-amp).

–9 V

VoutVin

Theoperationalamplifierusesa+9V/0/–9Vsupply.

(a) Calculatethegainoftheamplifiercircuit.

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(b) DeterminetheoutputpotentialVoutforvaluesofinputpotentialVinequalto

(i) –0.9V.

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(ii) +2.0V.

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C3. Thisquestionisaboutamobilephonenetwork.

Describetheroleofbasestationsandacellularexchangewhenamobilephoneisswitchedonandbeforeacallismade.

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Option D — Relativity and particle physics

D1. Thisquestionisaboutrelativistickinematics.

(a) Defineinertial frame of reference.

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(b) AnnandSuearetwins.SueremainsonEarth.AnntravelstothestarSiriusinaspaceshipmovingataspeedof0.80c,asmeasuredbySue.ThedistancebetweenEarthandSiriusis8.8ly,asmeasuredbySue.

(i) Calculate thetimeelapsed,asmeasuredbySue,betweenAnnleavingEarthandreachingSirius.

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(ii) State and explain whether Ann or Sue measures the proper time between AnnleavingEarthandarrivingatSirius.

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(iii) CalculatethetimetakenforthespaceshiptoreachSirius,asmeasuredbyAnn.

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(iv) AsAnnapproachesSirius,shesendsaradiomessagebacktoSue.ThedistancebetweenSiriusandEarth,asmeasuredbyAnn,is5.28ly.Determinethetime,asmeasuredbyAnn,thatittakesforthesignaltoreachSue.

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D2. Thisquestionisaboutfundamentalinteractions.

(a) Stateanexchangeparticlefor

(i) theweakinteraction.

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(ii) theelectromagneticinteraction.

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(b) Comment,withreferencetothemassoftheexchangeparticles,ontherangeoftheweakandelectromagneticinteractions.

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(c) DescribetheprocessrepresentedbytheFeynmandiagrambelow.

virtual photon

eˉ eˉ

eˉeˉ

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(d) Statewhatismeantbyavirtualparticle.

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(Question D2 continued)

(e) Explain how theHeisenberg uncertainty principle for energy and time applies to theinteractionin(c).

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(f) Theuncertainty in the time for the electromagnetic interactionbetween two electronsis1.6 10 s16× − .Determinetheuncertaintyintheenergyofthevirtualphoton.

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Option E — Astrophysics

E1. ThisquestionisaboutdeterminingsomepropertiesofthestarWolf359.

(a) ThestarWolf359hasaparallaxangleof0.419arcseconds.

(i) Describehowthisparallaxangleismeasured.

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(ii) Calculatethedistanceinlight-yearsfromEarthtoWolf359.

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(iii) StatewhythemethodofparallaxcanonlybeusedforstarsatadistanceoflessthanafewhundredparsecsfromEarth.

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(Question E1 continued)

(b) Theratio

apparentbrightnessofWolf359apparentbrightnessoftheSSun

3 7 10 15. .× −

Showthattheratio

luminosityofWolf359luminosityoftheSun

is8 9 10 4. × − .( . ).1 6 3 104ly AU= ×

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(c) The surface temperature of Wolf 359 is 2800K and its luminosity is 3.5 10 W23× .CalculatetheradiusofWolf359.

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(d) By reference to thedata in (c), suggestwhyWolf 359 is neither awhite dwarf nor aredgiant.

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E2. Thisquestionisaboutthedensityoftheuniverse.

(a) Definecritical density.

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(b) Explainhow the futureof theuniversemaybepredictedby comparing the estimateddensityoftheuniversetothecriticaldensity.

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(c) Explainwhy the existenceofdarkmattermakes it difficult tomeasure thedensityoftheuniverse.

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Option F — Communications

F1. Thisquestionisaboutmodulation.

(a) Acarrierwavemaybeamplitudemodulatedorfrequencymodulated.

(i) whatismeantbymodulation.

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(ii) whycarrierwavesaremodulated.

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(b) A sinusoidal carrier wave has a frequency of 500kHz and an amplitude of 8.0V.The carrier wave is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal information signal offrequency 2.5kHz and amplitude 1.2V. The frequency deviation of the carrierwaveis15 1kHz V− .Describequantitativelythevariationwithtimeofthecarrierwave.

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F2. Thisquestionisaboutopticfibretransmission.

The variation with time t of the input power to an optic fibre is shown in Diagram 1.Thevariationwithtimet oftheoutputpowerfromtheopticfibreisshowninDiagram2.

00 00 tt

input power

output power

Diagram1 Diagram2

Thescalesarethesameonbothdiagrams.

(a) Stateandexplainthefeatureofthegraphsthatshowsthatthereis

(i) attenuationofthesignal.

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(ii) signalnoise.

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(b) Theduration(timewidth)ofthesignalincreasesasittravelsalongtheopticfibre.

(i) Statetworeasonsforthisincreasedtimeduration.

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(ii) Suggestwhythisincreaseinthewidthofthepulsesetsalimitonthefrequencyofpulsesthatcanbetransmittedalonganuninterruptedlengthofopticfibre.

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F3. Thisquestionisabouttheuseofsatellitesforcommunication.

(a) (i) Statewhatismeantbyageostationarysatellite.

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(ii) Explaintheadvantagesoftheuseofgeostationarysatellitesforcommunication.

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(b) Explaintheadvantagesoftheuseofpolar-orbitingsatellitesforcommunication.

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Option G — Electromagnetic waves

G1. Thisquestionisaboutacompoundmicroscope,sphericalaberrationandchromaticaberration.

(a) An object O is placed in front of the objective lens of a compound microscope asshownbelow.

eye lensobjective lens

ThefocalpointsoftheobjectivelensareatF.Themicroscopeisinnormaladjustment.Withoutdrawingaraydiagram,labeltheapproximatepositions,ontheprincipalaxis,of

(i) theimageproducedbytheobjectivelens(labelthispositionX). [1]

(ii) thefocalpointsoftheeyelens(labelthesepointsE). [1]

(iii) thefinalimage(labelthisimageY). [1]

(b) Anobjectisviewedthroughaconvexlensthathasbeencorrectedforsphericalaberration.Foraparticularobjectdistance,theimageoftheobjectisasshownbelow.

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(Question G1 continued)

Anotherconvexlensofthesamefocallength,butnotcorrectedforsphericalaberration,isnowusedtoviewtheobject.Theobjectdistanceisunchanged.

Inthespacebelow,drawtheimageasitwouldbeseenthroughthissecondlens. Theimageasseenthroughthecorrectedlensisshownasabrokenline. [2]

(c) Explainhowchromaticaberrationariseswhenanobjectisviewedthroughasinglelens.

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G2. Thisquestionisaboutthescatteringoflight.

(a) Stateanapproximatewavelengthfor

(i) redlight.

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(ii) bluelight.

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(b) With reference to your answers in (a), discuss why the setting Sun appears reddishincolour.

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G3. Thisquestionisabouttwo-sourceinterference.

Adoubleslitisarrangedsothatitsplaneisnormaltoabeamoflaserlight,asshownbelow.

0.85 mm

double slit screen

laser lightwavelength

640 nm

Thewavelength of the light is 640nm. The slit separation in the double slit arrangementis0.85mm.Coherentlightemergesfromtheslitsandaninterferencepatternisobservedonascreen.Thescreenisparalleltotheplaneofthedoubleslits.Thedistancebetweentheslitsandthescreenis2.4m.

(a) (i) Statewhatismeantbycoherentlight.

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(ii) Explainhowaninterferencepatternisformedonthescreen.

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(b) Calculatetheseparationofthefringesintheinterferencepatternonthescreen.

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2 2 2 3

2210-6512

(Question G3 continued)

(c) The interference pattern in (b) consists of a series of alternate light and dark fringes.Theintensityofthelightfromoneslitisnowreduced.Suggesttheeffectontheappearanceofthefringes.

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2 3 2 3

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