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Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood. Physical Development and the Senses. Physical development and maturation complete Peak of physical capabilities Brain wave patterns show more mature patterns Senses are peak Most professional athletes at peak during early adulthood. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
Physical Development and the Senses
• Physical development and maturation complete
• Peak of physical capabilities• Brain wave patterns show more mature
patterns• Senses are peak • Most professional athletes at peak during
early adulthood
443
Physical Fitness
• Superior physical capabilities require exercise and diet
• No more than 10% Americans exercise enough to keep themselves in good physical shape
• Less than 20% participate in moderate exercise on regular basis
443
Benefits of Exercise
• Cardiovascular fitness increase• Lung capacity increases, raising endurance• Stronger muscles and greater flexibility• Greater range of movement• More elasticity in muscles, tendons, and ligaments• Reduction in osteoporosis• Optimization of immune response • Decreased stress level • Increased sense of control over their bodies and
feeling of accomplishment
444
One of the Best Pay-Offs: Longevity
Greater fitness level = lower the death rate
444
Health
• Leading causes of death among young adults (ages 25-34) are:
– Accidents – AIDS – Cancer – Heart disease – Suicide– Murder
• Gender and SES differences444
Secondary Aging
• Lifestyle decisions, including the use—or abuse—of alcohol, tobacco, or drugs or engaging in unprotected sex, can hasten secondary aging
• This can also increase a young adult’s risk of dying
445
Violence and Death: Tracking Murder
445
Age and Obesity
447
Stress and Coping in Early Adulthood
• STRESS: Response to events that threaten or challenge an individual
• Pleasant events and unpleasant events
• Long-term, continuous exposure may result in a reduction of body's ability to deal with stress
449
Lazarus and Folkman
• People move through series of stages that determine whether or not they will experience stress
– PRIMARY APPRAISAL – SECONDARY APPRAISAL
450
Predicting Stressful Event (Shelly Taylor, 1991)
• Negative emotions are more likely to produce stress
• Uncontrollable or unpredictable situations are more likely to produce stress
• Ambiguous and confusing situations produce more stress
• Simultaneously tasks demands are more likely to experience stress
451
Consequences of Stress
• PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS
• SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
• COPING
451
Styles of Coping
• Problem-focused coping• Emotion-focused coping • Social support coping • Defense coping involves
452
Hardiness, Resilience, and Coping
• Hardiness is a personality characteristic associated with lower rate of stress-related illness
• Resilience is ability to withstand, overcome, and actually thrive following profound adversity
• Optimistic vs. pessimistic explanatory style453
The Informed Consumer of Development
Coping with Stress: General Guidelines• Seek control over the situation producing the
stress• Redefine “threat” as “challenge” • Find social support• Use relaxation techniques
454
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Postformal Thought
• Giesela Labouvie-Vief• Adult predicaments are sometimes solved
by relativistic thinking rather than pure logic• Postformal thought acknowledges that world
sometimes lacks purely right and wrong solutions so adults must draw upon prior experiences to solve problems
456
K. Warner Schaie• ACQUISITIVE STAGE
• ACHIEVING STAGE
• RESPONSIBLE STAGE
• EXECUTIVE STAGE
• REINTEGRATIVE STAGE
457
A Closer Look: Sternberg
459
Creativity: Novel Thought in Early Adulthood
• CREATIVITY
• Early adulthood– Peak of creativity– Many of professional
problems are novel
– Willing to take risks
– Fluid vs. Crystallized intelligence
460
Life Events and Cognitive Development
• Major life events may lead to cognitive growth
– Think about the world in novel, more complex, sophisticated, and often less rigid ways
– Apply postformal thought (Labouvie-Vief)
462
COLLEGE: PURSUING HIGHER EDUCATION
Higher Education
College is period of developmental growth that encompasses mastery not
just of particular bodies of knowledge, but of ways of understanding world.
463
College: Pursuing Higher Education
• Nationwide, a minority of high school graduates enter college
• Only about 40% of those who start graduate from college in 4 years
• Influenced by race and gender variables
463
Who goes to college?• 40% of college students today are 25 years of
age or older• Average age of a community college student is
31• College degree is becoming increasingly
important in obtaining and keeping job• Absolute number of minority students enrolled
in college has increased BUT overall proportion of minority population has decreased over past decade
464
College Student Attendance Trends
464
ConsequencesProportion of students who enter college but ultimately
never graduate is substantial!
465
Why is there a gender gap in college attendance?
Will it continue?
• Men have more opportunities to earn money when they graduate
• More women enrolled in college
468
The Changing College Student: Never Too Late to Go to College? • According to Sherry Willis, adults return
to college for several reasons:– To understand their own aging– To keep up with rapid technological and
cultural advances– To combat obsolescence on the job– To acquire new vocational skills – To broaden their intellectual skills
466
College Adjustment: Reacting to the Demands of College Life
• First year adjustment reaction– Particularly affects unusually successful
students in high school – Passes for most as friends made and
integration into college life occurs– Serious psychological consequences for few
467
The Informed Consumer of Development
When Do College Students Need Professional Help with Their Problems?
• Psychological distress that lingers and interferes with a person’s sense of well-being and ability to function
• Feelings that one is unable to cope effectively with the stress
• Hopeless or depressed feelings• Inability to build close relationships with others• Physical symptoms
– 1st Floor of the College Center, near the Enrollment Services Office (RVCC)
•
Depression in College Students
469
Why peoplevisit a college counseling center
Stereotype Threat and Disidentification with School
African Americans don’t do well in academic pursuits.
Women lack ability in math and science.
471
• Women and African Americans perform less well in college
• Academic disidentification
Steele Research
472
The Great Gender Divide
During 1st year of college, men are more likely to view themselves as above average in several
academic areas.470
Dropping Out of College
Half of all students drop out of college
• Marriage, children, or death of family member
• Academic difficulties • Financial difficulties• Time off to mature
473
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