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PHONETICS’
BASICS
Consonants vs. Vowels
Consonants
They are articulated by creating an obstacle to the passing of air
We define them by describing the characteristics of that obstacle
Vowels
There is no obstacle to the passing of air
They are described by the shape of the mouth (tongue position, opening…)
CONSONANTS
General description
Consonant sounds are described taking into account three basic elements:
Phonation
Manner of articulation
Place of articulation
Vibration of the vocal folds makes a difference between: voiced sounds
/b, d, g, v, z, ʒ, ʤ, ð, m, n, ŋ, l, r/
voiceless sounds /p, t, k, f, s, ʃ, ʧ, θ/
Phonation
Manner of articulation
This is the way in which the obstacle to the passing of air is set .
Plosives: Complete obstacle, released with an explosion
Fricatives: Narrowing of the channel
Affricates: Complete obstacle, released with a narrowing of the channel Aproximants:the
articulators come close to each other, but there is neither an obstacle nor friction
Nasals: Nasal cavity is involved
Manner of articulation
Stops / plosives
/p, b, t, d, k, g/
Fricatives
/f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, θ, ð/
Affricates
/ʧ, ʤ/
Nasals
/m, n, ŋ/
Aproximants:
Liquids:/l, r/
Glides: /w, j/
Place of articulation
This makes reference to the point where the obstacle to the passing of air is set .
Place of articulation
Bilabial
/p, b, m/
Labio-dental
/f, v/
Alveolar
/t, d, s, z, n, l, r/
Velar
/k, g, h, ŋ/
Inter-dental
/θ, ð/
Palatal
/ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ/
Clasification
Bilabial Labio-
dental
Inter-
dental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Plosives
Voiced b d g
Voiceless p t k
Fricatives
Voiced v ð z ʒ
Voiceless f θ s ʃ h
Affricates
Voiced ʤ
Voiceless ʧ
Nasal m n ŋ
Approximants
Liquids l ,r
Glides w j
LET’S EXPLORE
CONSONANTS
/p/
Description: plosive, bilabial, voiceless
Spelling: “p, pp”
Examples:
pet, park, people, map, apply, happy
/b/
Description: plosive, bilabial, voiced
Spelling: “b, bb”
Examples:
bark, best, bubble, Bob, absurd, rub
/t/
Description: plosive, alveolar, voiceless
Spelling: “t, tt, ght, ed”
Examples:
top, attack, height, caught, cooked, fixed
/d/
Description: plosive, alveolar, voiced
Spelling: “d, dd, ed”
Examples:
dark, dad, add, riddle, opened, cleaned
/k/
Description: plosive, velar, voiceless
Spelling: “c, cc, k, ck, ch, q, que”
Examples:
car, account, kitchen, black, Christmas, boutique
/g/
Description: plosive, velar, voiced
Spelling: “g, gg, gh, gu”
Examples:
go, gate, hug, goggles, egg, ghost, guess
/f/
Description: fricative, labio-dental, voiceless
Spelling: “f, ff, ph, gh”
Examples:
fat, fifty coffee, photograph, enough
/v/
Description: fricative, labio-dental, voiced
Spelling: “v, ve, ph, f (exceptional)”
Examples:
vet, vision, love, of, nephew
/θ/
Description: fricative, inter-dental, voiceless
Spelling: “th”
Examples:
Think, through, thousand, cloth, teeth
/ð/
Description: fricative, inter-dental, voiced
Spelling: “th”
Examples:
that, then, another, weather, with
/s/
Description: fricative, alveolar, voiceless
Spelling: “s, ss, c, ce, sc, ps”
Examples:
sorry, Spain, pass, city, piece, scenery, psalm
/z/
Description: fricative, alveolar, voiced
Spelling: “z, zz, ze, s, se, x”
Examples:
zebra, puzzle, sneeze, music, dogs, watches,
noise, xylophone
/ʃ/
Description: fricative, alveolar, voiceless
Spelling: “sh, ti (+vowel), s, si, ssi, ch, ci,”
Examples:
shopping, Spanish, station, information, sugar,
mansion, passion, machine, social
/ʒ/
Description: fricative, alveolar, voiced
Spelling: “si (+vowel), s, ge”
Examples:
television, decision, usually, camouflage
/h/
Description: fricative, velar, voiceless
Spelling: “h, wh”
Examples:
hat, help, ahead, whole, who
/ʧ/
Description: affricate, palatal, voiceless
Spelling: “ch, tch”
Examples:
change, chest, much, peach, catch, butcher
/ʤ/
Description: affricate, palatal, voiced
Spelling: “j, g, ge, dge, gi”
Examples:
jam, general, huge, page, large, region, judge
/m/
Description: nasal, bilabial
Spelling: “m, mm, mb, mn”
Examples:
jam, music, hammer, climb, autumn
/n/
Description: nasal, alveolar
Spelling: “n, nn, kn, ne, gn, pn, ne”
Examples:
name, tunnel, know, done, sign, pneumatic,
Wednesday
/ŋ/
Description: nasal, alveolar
Spelling: “ng, n”
Examples:
young, belong, sing, angle, ink, ankle
/l/
Description: liquid, alveolar
Spelling: “l, ll, le”
Examples:
let, flag, spell, call, double, little
/r/
Description: liquid, alveolar
Spelling: “r, rr, wr, rh”
Examples:
rest, very, hurry, berry, write, wrist, rhyme
/w/
Description: glide, bilabial
Spelling: “w, wh, o”
Examples:
went, away, when, whisper, one
/j/
Description: glide, palatal
Spelling: “y”
Examples:
yellow, youth, beyond
VOWELS
General description
Vowel sounds are not so easy to describe, as there is no clear obstacle to the passing of air. We usually take into account:
Tongue position (height and fronting)
Lip shape (spread, neutral, rounded)
Length (also seen as tension)
Vowel chart
This diagram shows the diferent features of English vowels
front central back
Half-close
Half-open
open
close
e
ʊ
u:
ɜ:
ɪ
i:
ə
ɔ:
æ ɒ ɑ:
ʌ
/ɑ:/
Description: back, open, unrounded, long
Spelling: “ar, a, al, au, are, ear, er”
Examples:
farm, father, calm, aunt, are, heart, clerk
/ æ /
Description: front, open, short, unrounded
Spelling: “a”
Examples:
man, add, lamp
/ ʌ /
Description: central, half-open, short,
unrounded
Spelling: “u, o, ou, oo, oe”
Examples:
ugly, son, enough, blood, does
/ e /
Description: front, half-open, short,
unrounded
Spelling: “e, ea, a, ai, ie, eo”
Examples:
egg, bread, many, said, friend, leopard
/ ɜ: /
Description: central, half-close, long,
unrounded
Spelling: “er, or, ir, ur, ear”
Examples:
verb, word, bird, murder, pearl
/ ɪ /
Description: front, close, short, unrounded
Spelling: “i, y, e, ey, u, ui”
Examples:
if, sink, rhythm, pretty, money, minute, busy,
build
/ i: /
Description: front, close, long, unrounded
Spelling: “ee, ea, e, i, ie, ei, ey”
Examples:
feed, read, we, police, thief, receive, key
/ ɒ /
Description: back, open, short, rounded
Spelling: “o, a, ou”
Examples:
off, object, want, watch, cough
/ ɔ: /
Description: back, half-open, long, rounded
Spelling: “or, ore, aw, au, ou, al, all, (w)a-, (w)ar”
Examples:
order, more, law, saw, pause, caught, bought, always, hall, water, war
/ ʊ /
Description: back, close, short, rounded
Spelling: “oo, u, ou”
Examples:
look, book, put, push, would, could
/ u: /
Description: back, close, long, rounded
Spelling: “u, o, oo, ew, ue, ui, ou”
Examples:
rude, do, move, tool, flew, blue, fruit, juice, group, through
/ ə /
Description: central, half-close, short, unrounded
Spelling: “a, e, o, u, ar, er, or, ur, ure, ou”
(always unstressed)
Examples:
banana, absence, bishop, difficult, monarch, father,
warrior, various, future
Diphthongs
Diphthongs are combinations of two vowels belonging to the same syllable.
There are two main groups:
Closing diphthongs:
ending in ʊ /
/aʊ/
/əʊ/
ending in /ɪ /
/aɪ/
/eɪ/
/ɔɪ/
Centring diphthongs:
ending in / ə /
/eə/
/ɪə/
/ʊə/
/eə/
Spelling: “are, air, ear”
Examples:
dare, hair, pear
/ ɪə/
Spelling: “ier, eer, ere, ea, ear, ”
Examples:
frontier, beer, here, idea, hear
/ʊə/
Spelling: “ure, oor, our”
Examples:
pure, poor, tour
/aʊ/
Spelling: “ou, ow”
Examples:
out, about, house, now, brown, owl, powder
/əʊ/
Spelling: “o, oa, ow”
Examples:
go, note, old, road, boat, low, own
/aɪ/
Spelling: “i, ie, y, uy”
Examples:
find, smile, tie, lie, my, style, buy, guy
/ɔɪ/
Spelling: “oi, oy ”
Examples:
oil, voice, boy, toy
/eɪ /
Spelling: “ay, ai, ei, a..e, e, et”
Examples:
say, wait, weight, plane, café, ballet
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