Pharmacology

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Pharmacology

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Introduction• Pharmacology

• Drug– Side effect– Drug interaction– Addiction– Habit forming

• Medicines

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Drug Names

Brand Names

• Capitalized

• Registered trademarks

• Bayer

Generic Names

• Not capitalized

• Unprotected

• Less expensive

• Aspirin

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Prescriptions

• Parts of a written prescription– Heading– Superscription– Body of prescription

• Rx symbol• Inscription• Subscription

– Closing of the prescription

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Reference Texts for Pharmacology

• Council on Dental Therapeutics

• Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR)

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Latin Abbreviations and English Definitions Used for Prescriptions

• a.a . of each

• a.c. before meal

• b.i.d.twice a day

• t.i.d. three times a day

• q.i.d.four times a day

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• q.h. every hour• q.4.h. every four hours• q.8.h. every eight hours• sig. take• p.c. after meals• p.r.n. when necessary or as needed

Latin Abbreviations and English Definitions Used for Prescriptions

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Drug Laws

• Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

• Pure Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)

• Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control (1970)

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Drug Enforcement

• Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

• Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

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Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970

• Schedule I – High potential for abuse– No accepted medical use

• Heroin

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Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970

• Schedule II– High potential for abuse– Accepted medical use

• Morphine

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Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970

• Schedule III– Lower potential for abuse and medical use

• Stimulants

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• Schedule IV– Less potential for abuse; accepted medical use

• Antianxiety drugs

• Schedule V– Least potential for abuse

• Over-the-counter

Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970

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Dental Assistants and the Law

• Maintain accurate records

• Phone or e-mail of prescriptions

• Maintenance of controlled substances

• Liaison with pharmaceutical representatives and the pharmacist

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Drug Administration Routes

• Oral

• Topical

• Inhalation

• Sublingual

• Rectal

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Drug Administration Routes

• Intravenous

• Intramuscular

• Subcutaneous

• Intradermal

• Transdermal

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Drugs

• Know signs and symptoms of individuals under the influence of drugs

• Have knowledge of prescribed and illegal drugs and how drugs interact

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Tobacco

• Uses– No useful

purpose

• Effects– Could lead to heart

disease– Promotes high risk of

oral and lung cancer– Causes tooth staining,

periodontal diseases, and halitosis

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Caffeine

• Uses– No useful

purpose

• Effects– Causes heart to work

harder– Affects nervous

system– May cause or irritate

ulcers– Too much may be fatal

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Alcohol

• Uses– No useful purpose

• Effects– Affects judgement

and coordination– Slows reactions– Causes cirrhosis– Slows down body

processes

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Marijuana• Uses

– Derivative

– Cancer treatment to decrease nausea and regurgitation

• Effects– Increases heart rate – Causes lung tissue

damage– Causes reproductive

system disorders– Deteriorates

coordination– Decreases ability to

think and speak clearly

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Cocaine

• Uses– Causes physical

and psychological dependency

– Medical use has been reduced

• Effects– Heart problems– Mental disorders– Violent behavior– Death

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Narcotics

• Addictive depressants used to relieve pain– Heroin– Morphine– Codeine

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Amphetamines

• Group of stimulant drugs (uppers)– Increases heart and respiratory rates, and

blood pressure

• Causes loss of appetite, nervousness, and restlessness

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Amphetamines

• Medically treats narcolepsy and attention deficit disorder (ADHD) in children.

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Hallucinogens

• Drugs that cause people to see and hear images and sounds that do not exist– Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)– Phencyclidine (PCP)– Mescaline

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Barbiturates

• Sedative drugs that depress brain activity– Amobarbital– Pentobarbital– Secobarbital– Phenobarbital (given to dental patients with

severe anxiety)

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Drugs Prescribed

• Analgesics– Loss of pain without loss of sensation– OTC drugs:

• Ibuprofen, aspirin, acetaminophen

– Prescription drugs• Codeine, morphine

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Drugs Prescribed

• Analgesics side effects– Nausea– Vomiting– Constipation– Breathing difficulties

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Drugs Prescribed

• Tranquilizers– Produce sedative effect– Reduce tensions and anxieties

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Drugs Prescribed

• Antibiotics– Used to treat infection– Derived from fungi and molds or are

manufactured synthetically– Broad spectrum antibiotics treat a wide

range of bacteria

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Drugs Prescribed

• Antibiotics– Sometimes prescribed to prevent infection– Side effects

• Nausea, diarrhea, allergic rash

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Drugs Prescribed

• Penicillin– First group of antibiotic drugs to be

discovered was penicillin– Still used to treat tonsillitis, bronchitis, and

pneumonia– Penicillin V, Penicillin G benzathine,

Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, and Cloxacillin

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Drugs Prescribed

• Erythromycin– Used by individuals allergic to Penicillin

and children in the place of Tetracycline– Can be taken as capsule, liquid, injection,

and ointment– Side effects are stomach pain, nausea,

vomiting, and diarrhea

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Drugs Prescribed

• Antifungal Agents– Treat infections caused by fungi– Available as tablets, suspension, creams,

injections, and suppositories– Side effects are skin irritation, liver, and

kidney damage

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Drugs Prescribed

• Anticholinergics– Used to reduce secretions in lungs prior to

surgery– Treats abnormally slow heart rates in

emergencies– Dilates eyes for exam

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Herbal and Alternative Medications

• Consult dentist

• Caution patients