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Perspectives of a State Director…
Selective fisheries as a tool in fisheries management and salmon recovery
Jeffrey P. Koenings, PhD.Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
American Fisheries Society ConferenceSeptember 5, 2007
ESA Listed Washington Salmonids
• Bull Trout• Chinook• Steelhead • Bull Trout
• Bull Trout• Chinook• Chum• Steelhead• Coho
• Bull Trout• Steelhead
• Bull Trout• Lake Ozette
Sockeye
• Bull Trout• Chinook• Sockeye• Steelhead
Middle Columbia
River
Washington Coastal
Puget Sound
Upper Columbia
River
Northeast Washington
Lower Columbia
River
Snake River
• Bull Trout• Chinook• Chum• Steelhead
Regional Recovery Boards
Road Maps
Sum m ary Snake R iver Salm on Recovery P lan for Southeast W ashington O ctober 2005
• WDFW• Tribe• USFWS
Hatchery System
New Tools in the Toolkit
Washington has been using
selective fisheries for 20 years
Started marking steelhead in 1984
Began selective fisheries in ’86-87
100% marked by 1994
Steelhead Harvest
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
1974
-75
1978
-79
1982
-83
1986
-87
1990
-91
1994
-95
1998
-99
2002
-03
Return Year
Num
ber o
f Fis
h
Natural-Origin Catch
Total Catch
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
1974
-75
1978
-79
1982
-83
1986
-87
1990
-91
1994
-95
1998
-99
2002
-03
Return Year
Num
ber o
f Fis
h
Natural-Origin CatchTotal Catch
Started marking in 1984
Selective fisheries in ’86-87
100% marked by 1994
Number of Fish Marked at WDFW Facilities
Number Marked 2007
Number Marked
2008
Percentage Marked
Chinook 61,395,500 62,783,000 91/93%
Coho 24,737,500 24,737,500 100%
Steelhead 7,850,000 7,850,000 100%
Total 93,983,000 95,370,500
Fin-clipping Studiesearly 1960’s
Coded-wire tagging1970’s - present
Annual Management
Catch Quotas
Area Closures
Season Length
Size & Net Mesh Limits
Species Release
Traditional Tools of the Trade
Costs of Innovation
More Intensive Data Needs
Coded-Wire Tags on Marked and Unmarked Fish - DIT
Encounter Rates
Marked Fish Rates
Alternative Stock ID
e.g., Genetics / Otoliths
More Complex Fishery Models
Electronic Sampling
Challenges of Mass Marking and Selective Fisheries
• Modifications to the CWT system will be needed
• Direct samples of unmarked mortalities will not be available
• Cost of sampling will increase
• Increase in uncertainty on unmarked fish needs to be accounted for in management
• Fishery assessment models will need to be revised for management and conservation assessments
Benefits of Mass Marking and Selective Fisheries
• Great tool for identification of wild versus hatchery origin fish on the spawning grounds
• Essential tool for hatchery reform implementation including integrating hatchery and wild stock programs
• Can be used to enhance recreational and commercial fishing while protecting naturally spawning stocks
Areas 11 & 13 June-September
Area 9July 16-August 15
January 16-April 15
CHINOOK SELECTIVE MARINE SPORT FISHERIES Open in 2006Added in 2007
Area 10July 16-August 15
December 1-January 31
Areas 8-1 & 8-2October-April
2006
2007
Areas 5 & 6July-August
Area 7February 1-29
STOCKAll
FisheriesPuget Sound SportTotal Selective
Nooksack Early 24 % < 1 % 0 %Skagit Spring 26 % 7 % 2 %White Spring 20 % 4 % < 1 %Dungeness Spring 28 % 1 % < 1 %
Skagit S/Fall 30 % 3 % < 1 %Stillaguamish S/Fall 27 % 6 % 2 %Snohomish Summer 33 % 9 % 3 %Lk Washington S/Fall 39 % 4 % < 1 %Green S/Fall 50 % 4 % < 1 %Puyallup S/Fall 50 % 6 % 2 %Nisqually S/Fall 65 % 14 % < 1 %Mid-Hood Canal S/Fall 30 % 4 % < 1 %Skokomish S/Fall 57 % 19 % < 1 %
2006 Fisheries
All the H’s are Necessary
Habitat Protection & Restoration Projects Habitat Protection & Restoration Projects
HarvestHarvestClean Water Act
Shorelines
Forest Practices
Non-regulatory Programs
Water Supply & Conservation
Growth Management Act
Hydro Habitat
$770 Million to Washington salmon recovery
• 1997-2005: $770 Million: federal and state funds to direct salmon recovery– $360 M Operating $410 M Capital
• 77% to habitat• 10% to harvesting• 7% to hatcheries• 6% other salmon recovery efforts
Office of Program Research; Dec. 2004 Report to WA State Legislature
Improve the Fitness of Naturally Spawning Fish
• Reduce ratio of hatchery fish on spawning grounds
• Ensure wild spawning fish drive adaptation of the natural population and size of hatchery program.
• Increase harvest hatchery fish• Reduce harvest of natural fish
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