Permit Required Confined Spaces

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CONFINED CONFINED SPACE SPACE ENTRYENTRY

29 CFR 29 CFR 1910.1461910.146

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Permit-Required Confined Permit-Required Confined Space EntrySpace Entry

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DO NOT ENTERUNLESS AUTHORIZED AND TRAINED

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What is a Confined Space?What is a Confined Space?

Is large enough and so Is large enough and so configured that an configured that an employee can enter bodily employee can enter bodily and perform work;and perform work;

Has limited or restricted Has limited or restricted means of entry or exit;means of entry or exit;

Is not designed for Is not designed for continuous human continuous human occupancy.occupancy.

A space that:

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A space must meet all three of these criteria in order to be classified as a confined space.

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Examples of Confined Examples of Confined Spaces:Spaces:

TanksTanks

ManholesManholes

BoilersBoilers

FurnacesFurnaces

SewersSewers

SilosSilos

HoppersHoppers

VaultsVaults

PipesPipes

TrenchesTrenches

TunnelsTunnels

DuctsDucts

BinsBins

PitsPits

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Hoppers

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Fuel Tanks

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Process Tanks

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Tanker trucks are also confined spaces

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Potential Hazards in Potential Hazards in Confined SpacesConfined Spaces

Oxygen Oxygen DeficiencyDeficiency– <19.5% or >23.5% <19.5% or >23.5%

oxygen oxygen concentrationconcentration

CombustiblesCombustibles– MethaneMethane– HydrogenHydrogen– AcetyleneAcetylene– PropanePropane– Gasoline fumesGasoline fumes

Toxic MaterialsToxic Materials– Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide– Hydrogen SulfideHydrogen Sulfide– Welding fumesWelding fumes– CorrosivesCorrosives

ElectricityElectricity

Mechanical Mechanical HazardsHazards– MixersMixers– CrushersCrushers

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Hazards of Confined SpacesHazards of Confined Spaces•Oxygen Deficient AtmospheresOxygen Deficient Atmospheres

•Oxygen Enriched AtmospheresOxygen Enriched Atmospheres

•Flammable AtmospheresFlammable Atmospheres

•Toxic AtmospheresToxic Atmospheres

•Mechanical and Electrical HazardsMechanical and Electrical Hazards

•Temperature ExtremesTemperature Extremes

•Engulfment HazardsEngulfment Hazards

•Noise, Slick/Wet Surfaces, Falling Objects, Noise, Slick/Wet Surfaces, Falling Objects, rats and snakes.rats and snakes.

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Oxygen Deficient AtmospheresOxygen Deficient Atmospheres19.5 %19.5 % Minimum acceptable oxygen level.Minimum acceptable oxygen level.15 - 19%15 - 19% Decreased ability to workDecreased ability to work strenuously.Impair coordination.strenuously.Impair coordination. Early symptoms.Early symptoms.12-14%12-14% Respiration increases. PoorRespiration increases. Poor judgment.judgment.10-12%10-12% Respiration increases. Lips blue.Respiration increases. Lips blue.8-10%8-10% Mental failure. Fainting. NauseaMental failure. Fainting. Nausea

Unconsciousness. Vomiting.Unconsciousness. Vomiting.6-8%6-8% 8 minutes - fatal, 6 minutes –8 minutes - fatal, 6 minutes – 50% fatal 4-5 minutes – possible50% fatal 4-5 minutes – possible recovery.recovery.4-6%4-6% Coma in 40 seconds. DeathComa in 40 seconds. Death

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Hazards of confined spacesHazards of confined spaces

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Oxygen LevelOxygen Level

23.5%23.5%

19.5%19.5%

16%16%

14%14%

6%6%

Too much, oxygen enrichedToo much, oxygen enriched

Safe Zone - Minimum for safe Safe Zone - Minimum for safe entryentry

Impaired judgement & Impaired judgement & breathingbreathing

Faulty judgement, rapid Faulty judgement, rapid fatiguefatigue

Difficult breathing, death in Difficult breathing, death in minutesminutes

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Oxygen Enriched AtmospheresOxygen Enriched Atmospheres

•Oxygen level above 23.5%.Oxygen level above 23.5%.

•Causes flammable and combustible Causes flammable and combustible materials to burn violently when materials to burn violently when ignited.ignited.

•Hair, clothing, materials, etc.Hair, clothing, materials, etc.

•Oil soaked clothing and materials.Oil soaked clothing and materials.

•Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.

•Never store or place compressed Never store or place compressed tanks in a confined space.tanks in a confined space.

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Flammable AtmospheresFlammable Atmospheres•2 Critical Factors:2 Critical Factors:

– Oxygen content in the air.Oxygen content in the air.– Presence of a flammable gas, or vaporPresence of a flammable gas, or vapor– Presence of dust (visibility of 5’ or less)Presence of dust (visibility of 5’ or less)

•Proper air/gas mixture can lead to Proper air/gas mixture can lead to explosionexplosion

•Typical Ignition Sources:Typical Ignition Sources:– Sparking or electric tool.Sparking or electric tool.– Welding / cutting operations.Welding / cutting operations.– SmokingSmoking

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Flammable Flammable AtmospheresAtmospheres

Flammable

Non-flammable (Too “Rich”)

Temperature

VAPOR

Non-flammable (Too “Lean”)

FlammableRegion

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Toxic AtmospheresToxic Atmospheres

•Product stored in a confined space:Product stored in a confined space:Gases released when cleaning.Gases released when cleaning.

Materials absorbed into walls of confined space.Materials absorbed into walls of confined space.

Decomposition of materials in the confined space.Decomposition of materials in the confined space.

•Work performed in a confined space:Work performed in a confined space:Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering.Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering.

Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing.Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing.

Sealing, bonding, melting.Sealing, bonding, melting.

•Areas adjacent to a confined space.Areas adjacent to a confined space.

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Hydrogen SulfideHydrogen Sulfide•Decomposition of materials. Human Decomposition of materials. Human

waste.waste.•Rotten egg odor at low concentrations.Rotten egg odor at low concentrations.•Possibly no warning at high Possibly no warning at high

concentrations.concentrations. PPMPPM EffectEffect TimeTime

10 ppm10 ppm Permissible Exposure LevelPermissible Exposure Level 8 Hours8 Hours50 - 10050 - 100 Mild Irritation - eyes, throatMild Irritation - eyes, throat 1 Hour1 Hour

200 - 300200 - 300 Significant IrritationSignificant Irritation 1 Hour1 Hour 500 -700500 -700 Unconsciousness, DeathUnconsciousness, Death 1/2 - 1 1/2 - 1

HourHour >1000>1000 Unconsciousness, DeathUnconsciousness, Death MinutesMinutes

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Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide

• Odorless, Colorless Gas.Odorless, Colorless Gas.

• Combustion By-Product.Combustion By-Product.

• Quickly collapse at high concentrations.Quickly collapse at high concentrations.

PPMPPM EffectEffect TimeTime 3535 Permissible Exposure LevelPermissible Exposure Level 8 Hours8 Hours

200200 Slight headache, discomfortSlight headache, discomfort 3 Hours3 Hours

600600 Headache, discomfortHeadache, discomfort 1 Hour1 Hour

1000-20001000-2000 Confusion, nausea, headacheConfusion, nausea, headache 2 Hours2 Hours

1000-20001000-2000 Tendency to staggerTendency to stagger 1 1/2 Hours1 1/2 Hours

1000-20001000-2000 Slight heart palpitationSlight heart palpitation 30 Min.30 Min.

2000-25002000-2500 UnconsciousnessUnconsciousness 30 Min.30 Min.

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Engulfment HazardsEngulfment Hazards

•Loose, granular materials stored in Loose, granular materials stored in bins and hoppers - grain, sand, coal, bins and hoppers - grain, sand, coal, etc.etc.

•Crusting and bridging below a Crusting and bridging below a worker.worker.

•Flooding of confined space.Flooding of confined space.

•Water or sewage flow.Water or sewage flow.

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Engulfment Engulfment

Examples of flowable solids that may present an engulfment hazard include grain, sand, sawdust, gravel, and plastic pellets.

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Confined Space Entry - HazardsConfined Space Entry - Hazards

Sudden releases offluid solids, such asgranulated salt, sugar,or sand, liquids, anddense gases can causeengulfment of personsinside undergroundtanks, or pits.

When torrential forcesare suddenly released,people may be struck by moving objects , or be pushed helplessly downstream.

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Other HazardsOther Hazards

•NoiseNoiseAmplified due to acoustics within the space.Amplified due to acoustics within the space.

Damaged hearing, affect communication.Damaged hearing, affect communication.

•Slick / Wet SurfacesSlick / Wet SurfacesSlips and falls.Slips and falls.

Increased chance of electric shock.Increased chance of electric shock.

•Falling ObjectsFalling ObjectsTopside openings expose workers inside Topside openings expose workers inside confined space to falling objects.confined space to falling objects.

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Testing The AtmosphereTesting The Atmosphere

•Verify presence of safe work Verify presence of safe work atmosphere.atmosphere.

•Test all areas of a confined space.Test all areas of a confined space.– Top, Middle, BottomTop, Middle, Bottom

•Methane is lighter than air.Methane is lighter than air.

•Carbon Monoxide is the same as air.Carbon Monoxide is the same as air.

•Hydrogen Sulfide is heavier than air.Hydrogen Sulfide is heavier than air.

•Oxygen Deficiency.Oxygen Deficiency.

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Test the AtmosphereTest the Atmosphere

Check for Oxygen Content:Check for Oxygen Content:– At least 19.5% and less than 23.5%At least 19.5% and less than 23.5%Check for Combustibles:Check for Combustibles:– Less than 10% of the LELLess than 10% of the LELCheck for Toxic Gasses:Check for Toxic Gasses:– Most commonly carbon monoxide Most commonly carbon monoxide

(PEL <35 ppm)(PEL <35 ppm)– or any other hazardous materials as or any other hazardous materials as

determined by the use of the space.determined by the use of the space.

In this order:

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VentilationVentilation•First option to correct problems.First option to correct problems.

•Must be aware of hazards you are Must be aware of hazards you are trying to correct in the confined trying to correct in the confined space.space.

•Air intake in a safe location to draw Air intake in a safe location to draw fresh air only.fresh air only.

•Continuous ventilation whenever Continuous ventilation whenever possible.possible.

•Retest the confined space before Retest the confined space before entry.entry.

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Ventilate the SpaceVentilate the SpaceUse mechanical ventilationUse mechanical ventilation– FansFans– Air hornsAir horns

Ventilate at the rate of at Ventilate at the rate of at least twenty (20) volumes least twenty (20) volumes per hourper hour– Larger spaces require more Larger spaces require more

ventilationventilation

Make sure air supply is not Make sure air supply is not contaminatedcontaminated– Ventilation air supply must be Ventilation air supply must be

from fresh air uncontaminated from fresh air uncontaminated with flammables, toxins, etc.with flammables, toxins, etc.

VENTILATING THE SPACEVENTILATING THE SPACE

Use mechanical Use mechanical ventilation - such as fans ventilation - such as fans or forced air blowersor forced air blowers

Make sure air supply is Make sure air supply is not contaminated - not contaminated - ventilation air supply ventilation air supply must be from fresh air must be from fresh air uncontaminated with uncontaminated with flammables, toxins, etc.flammables, toxins, etc.

LESSON 3

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Examples of Positive VentilationExamples of Positive Ventilation

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Positive Ventilation SystemPositive Ventilation System

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Remember, ventilation must be continuous during entry!

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Other Control TechniquesOther Control Techniques

Inerting (Note: Inerting with a gas Inerting (Note: Inerting with a gas such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide will result in an oxygen deficient will result in an oxygen deficient atmosphere)atmosphere)

FlushingFlushing

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Isolate the SpaceIsolate the Spacefrom all hazardsfrom all hazards

Close ValvesClose Valves– Double block & bleed, orDouble block & bleed, or– Blank flangeBlank flange

Empty the SpaceEmpty the Space– Depressurize, vent & drainDepressurize, vent & drain

Lockout/Tagout EquipmentLockout/Tagout Equipment– Electrical sourcesElectrical sources– Rotating/reciprocating partsRotating/reciprocating parts– Hazardous materialsHazardous materials

Clean residue from the spaceClean residue from the space

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IsolationIsolation

Lockout/TagoutLockout/Tagout

Blinding/BlankingBlinding/Blanking

Double Block and BleedDouble Block and Bleed

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Conduct a Tailboard BriefingConduct a Tailboard Briefing

Entire crew must attendEntire crew must attend– Attendants, entrants, entry supervisorAttendants, entrants, entry supervisor

Review hazards of entry and workReview hazards of entry and work

Review PPEReview PPE

Review procedure for contacting Review procedure for contacting rescuerescue– verify rescue availableverify rescue available

Complete permitComplete permit

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Complete Entry Permit FormComplete Entry Permit Form

Permit must be correctly and Permit must be correctly and completely filled out prior to completely filled out prior to entry.entry.Permit must be activated by Permit must be activated by Entry Supervisor’s signature to Entry Supervisor’s signature to be valid.be valid.No entry is allowed without a No entry is allowed without a valid permit.valid permit.Permits are valid for up to 12 Permits are valid for up to 12 hours.hours.When work is completed, When work is completed, permit and tailboard form permit and tailboard form should be returned to safety.should be returned to safety.Cancelled permits must be kept Cancelled permits must be kept on file for at least one year.on file for at least one year.

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Test the AtmosphereTest the Atmosphere

Check for Oxygen Content:Check for Oxygen Content:– At least 19.5% and less than 23.5%At least 19.5% and less than 23.5%Check for Combustibles:Check for Combustibles:– Less than 10% of the LELLess than 10% of the LELCheck for Toxic Gasses:Check for Toxic Gasses:– Most commonly carbon monoxide Most commonly carbon monoxide

(PEL <35 ppm)(PEL <35 ppm)– or any other hazardous materials as or any other hazardous materials as

determined by the use of the space.determined by the use of the space.

In this order:

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NOTICE:NOTICE:Any time a limit is exceeded, Any time a limit is exceeded, no matter what the reason, no matter what the reason, all personnel shall all personnel shall immediately exit the space, immediately exit the space, and no others shall enter and no others shall enter until atmospheric conditions until atmospheric conditions are returned to safe levels.are returned to safe levels.

THERE ARE NO EXCEPTIONS TO THIS!THERE ARE NO EXCEPTIONS TO THIS!

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Atmosphere Testing Shall Atmosphere Testing Shall Be Performed:Be Performed:

Prior to every entry when the Prior to every entry when the space is vacant;space is vacant;

After a 10 minute ventilation After a 10 minute ventilation period (if ventilation is period (if ventilation is necessary);necessary);

At least hourly for permit-At least hourly for permit-required confined spaces.required confined spaces.

More frequently, if conditions or More frequently, if conditions or suspicions warrant.suspicions warrant.

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Enter the Space and Enter the Space and Proceed with work:Proceed with work:

An attendant shall be posted near An attendant shall be posted near the entrance for the duration of the the entrance for the duration of the work. He shall be in constant work. He shall be in constant communication with the entrants communication with the entrants while the job is in progress.while the job is in progress.

All entrants shall sign the sign in All entrants shall sign the sign in log when entering the space and log when entering the space and sign out when exiting.sign out when exiting.

The attendant shall maintain the The attendant shall maintain the permit and sign in log for the permit and sign in log for the duration of the work.duration of the work.

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When the Job is Done:When the Job is Done:

Remove all personnel, tools, and Remove all personnel, tools, and debris from the space. Sign off debris from the space. Sign off the log.the log.

Close the space.Close the space.

Cancel the permit.Cancel the permit.

Review the job with the host Review the job with the host employer (hazards, problems, employer (hazards, problems, other employers, etc.)other employers, etc.)

Confined Space PersonnelConfined Space Personnel

Authorized EntrantAuthorized EntrantAttendantAttendantEntry SupervisorEntry SupervisorRescue Rescue

Service MemberService Member

Confined Space PersonnelConfined Space Personnel

Authorized Authorized EntrantEntrant

Confined Space PersonnelConfined Space Personnel

AttendantAttendant

Confined Space PersonnelConfined Space Personnel

Confined Space PersonnelConfined Space Personnel

Rescue Rescue Service Service MemberMember

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Rescue and Emergency Rescue and Emergency proceduresprocedures

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Training

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Entrant ResponsibilitiesEntrant ResponsibilitiesTo assure that the space has been To assure that the space has been adequately ventilated, isolated, adequately ventilated, isolated, emptied, or otherwise made safe for emptied, or otherwise made safe for entry.entry.To immediately exit a space, without To immediately exit a space, without question, upon word of the attendant, question, upon word of the attendant, no matter what the reason.no matter what the reason.To follow all safety rules and To follow all safety rules and procedures that apply to the job.procedures that apply to the job.To be familiar with the work to be To be familiar with the work to be performed and the procedures that performed and the procedures that apply to the job.apply to the job.To use the appropriate PPE whenever To use the appropriate PPE whenever necessary.necessary.

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AttendantAttendant

An individual stationed outside one or An individual stationed outside one or more permit spaces who monitors the more permit spaces who monitors the authorized entrants and performs all authorized entrants and performs all attendant’s duties assigned in the attendant’s duties assigned in the employer’s permit space programemployer’s permit space program

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Duties of AttendantsDuties of Attendants

Knowledge of the hazards of the Knowledge of the hazards of the spacespace

Aware of possible behavioral effects Aware of possible behavioral effects of hazard exposure in authorized of hazard exposure in authorized entrantsentrants

Continuously maintains an accurate Continuously maintains an accurate count of authorized entrantscount of authorized entrants

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Duties of AttendantsDuties of AttendantsRemains outside the space Remains outside the space

during operations until relieved during operations until relieved by another attendantby another attendant

Communicates with authorized Communicates with authorized entrants entrants

Monitors activities inside and Monitors activities inside and outside the spaceoutside the space

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Duties of AttendantsDuties of Attendants

Summons rescue and other Summons rescue and other emergency services emergency services

Performs non-entry rescues as Performs non-entry rescues as specified by the employer's rescue specified by the employer's rescue procedureprocedure

Performs Performs NONO duties that might duties that might interfere with monitoring and interfere with monitoring and protecting the entrantsprotecting the entrants

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Supervisor ResponsibilitiesSupervisor ResponsibilitiesTo assure adequate protection is To assure adequate protection is provided to the entrants by provided to the entrants by verifying adequate verifying adequate lockout/tagout and that all lockout/tagout and that all hazards are securely isolated.hazards are securely isolated.To support the attendant’s To support the attendant’s authority in controlling access to authority in controlling access to a confined space.a confined space.To verify that all personnel have To verify that all personnel have exited prior to closing the space.exited prior to closing the space.To assure that all personnel To assure that all personnel involved are aware of the hazards involved are aware of the hazards associated with the space.associated with the space.To assure that rescue services To assure that rescue services are available prior to entry.are available prior to entry.

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Rescue OperationsRescue Operations

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Confined Space EntryConfined Space Entry

Means of emergency rescuemust be readily available to the confined spaceentry attendant for emergency extrication ofentrants.

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