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PeriodizationPeriodization
Early Middle Ages 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages 1000 – 1250
Late Middle Ages 1250 - 1500
Europe in the 6th CenturyEurope in the 6th Century
The Roots of Early Medieval Culture
The Roots of Early Medieval Culture
The Classical heritage f Rome (and Greece)
The Roman Catholic Church
The culture and customs of the Germanic tribes
Referred to as the Dark Ages due to limited cultural output (relative to?)
The Roots of Early Medieval Culture
The Roots of Early Medieval Culture The fall of the western Roman Empire led to
governmental and economic decentralization and cultural decline
Central governments disappear
Small kingdoms are established based on family loyalty, personal ties and local customs
Economic activity/commerce is disrupted
Urban centers are abandoned. Population shifts to countryside
Learning declines; loss of Classical Greek and Roman culture (Latin). Local languages replace
This accelerates and deepens following Carolingian rule
The Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic Church The Church filled the vacuum left from the collapse of Rome, and preserved learning and provided stability
Monasticism
Saint Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience
Provided schools for the children of the upper class. inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war
Libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts. Preserved knowledge
Monks = Missionaries to the barbarians
Sister Scholastica and convents for women
A Medieval Monastery The Scriptorium
A Medieval Monastery The Scriptorium
Illuminated ManuscriptsIlluminated Manuscripts
Text supplemented with decorated initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations (gold and silver)
Earliest manuscripts are from the period AD 400 to 600 and were primarily produced in Ireland, Constantinople and Italy
The Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic Church
Pope Gregory extends power of the Catholic Church
Claims most of Europe for Christendom, regardless of Church control
Exerts/extends extensive secular control
Early Medieval CultureEarly Medieval Culture
Gaul (France)
Clovis converts to Christianity(496) and conquers much of Gaul. Establishes the Merovingian dynasty
Germanic tribes converted, Muslims fought
The Carolingians, 751-987The Carolingians, 751-987
Charles “the Hammer” Martel, 700. A Frank major domo, defeats the Muslims at Battle of Tours. Key figure
His son Pepin the Short appointed King
Pepin’s son Charlemagne rules for forty seven years
Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814
Charlemagne defeats Muslims and Germanic tribes
Extends control over area larger than Byzantine Empire and converts conquered to Christianity
Establishes his palace and center of learning at Aachen. Becomes center of culture and learning
Defends Pope and made “Holy Roman Emperor” by Pope Leo III
Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire
Pope Crowns CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. 25,
800
Pope Crowns CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. 25,
800
Carolingian MinisculeCarolingian Miniscule
Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle)Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle)
Cathedral and Palatine Chapel at
Aachen
Possible Reconstruction of Charlemagne’s Palace at Aachen
The Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian Renaissance
The Carolingians, 751-987The Carolingians, 751-987
Charlemagne limits the power of nobility, extends empire and fosters learning
Son Louis the Pious and grandsons fail. Divide empire
Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:
Treaty of Verdun, 843
Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:
Treaty of Verdun, 843 The treaty reflects adherence to the old Frankish custom of divisible inheritance amongst a rulers sons, rather than primogeniture, inheritance by the eldest son, which would later be adopted by Frankish kingdoms
The Rise of Feudalism 850-950The Rise of Feudalism 850-950
End of Carolingian Rule
External attacks by Vikings, Magyarss, and Muslims leads to insecurity and uncertainty and to new, ever more decentralized economic and governmental systems
Social and governmental system referred to by historians as Feudalism
Seigneurialism, or Manorialism, better describes the economic arrangements within this system
FeudalismFeudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service
The Rise of FeudalismThe Rise of Feudalism A social system based on rights and obligations
Key concepts of lord, vassal and fief
Based on homage and oath of fealty. The lord and vassal entered a contract in which the vassal promised to fight for the lord at his command
The Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor
Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor
SerfsSerfs at workat work
Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCarcassonne: A Medieval Castle
Parts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval Castle
The Road to KnighthoodThe Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE
Chivalry A Code of Honor and Behavior
Chivalry A Code of Honor and Behavior
The Power of the Medieval ChurchThe Power of the Medieval Church The Catholic Church was the leading unifying or centralizing force in Medieval Europe
It owned or controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe and clergy played a large role in the feudal/ manorial system
Nevertheless huge conflicts occurred between secular leaders and The Church
Church Concepts & ConflictsChurch Concepts & ConflictsSacraments Rites of Church offered and withheld
Canon Law Church Law
Excommunication and interdict Punishments
Tithe Donation to Church
Holy Roman Empire and Emperor (Otto, et. al.)
Lay investiture Secular appointments (banned 1075 - conflicts between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII)
Concordat of Worms
Simony
Wordly lives
Heresy
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