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Performance Enhancing Substances and Performance Enhancing Substances and TechniquesTechniques
Ergogenic aids are used by some athletes to: Improve physical appearance Prevent and/or treat injuries,
illnesses, or disease Cope with stress Increase athletic potential Bridge the “genetic gap”
Three types of Ergogenic Aids: Nutritional aids Pharmacological aids Physiological aids
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tockphoto.com/”M
ax Delson”
Nutritional supplements include: Vitamins and
minerals Protein and amino
acid supplements Carnitine Creatine Caffeine
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tockphoto.com/”M
arie C. F
ields”
Regularly taking megavitamins may cause: Illness Tissue damage Toxic effects to body
Supplements are beneficial when a clear deficiency is indicated
Athletes are advised to increase food intake, resulting in dietary sourcesof vitamins and minerals
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tockphoto.com/”sbarabu”
Benefits/risks of protein and amino acid supplements are fraught with conflicting research findings/evidence
Studies report that ingesting excessive amounts of protein can produce toxic effects due tooverproduction of urea resulting in: Dehydration Muscle cramps Impairment of
thermoregulatory function
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2 Design S
tudio”
Carnitine is advertised as a “fat burner” that claims to: Decrease lactate production Increase VO2max Delay fatigue Spare glycogen Induce loss of body fat Enhance aerobic and anaerobic
capacity Experimental data has failed to
support these theories
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tockphoto.com/”pixhook”
Creatine is an oral supplement that claims to increase: Phosphocreatine storage in
muscle Speed Power Strength
Effectiveness of creatine supplement still unclear
More studies need to be conducted on the safety of long-term use
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tockphoto.com/”technotr”
Evidence suggests caffeine increases performance during prolonged endurance and intense short-term exercises Increase alertness Reduces fatigue
Energy drinks contain as much as 80mg of caffeine
Ingesting caffeine can cause: Dehydration Nervousness Irritability
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tockphoto.com/”Lim
ber”
Pharmacological aids include: Pain-masking drugs Anabolic steroids Prohormones Human growth hormone Erythropoietin
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tockphoto.com/”S
ervifoto”
Pain-masking agents (narcotic analgesics) include: Morphine Heroin
Side effects include: Inability to detect pain to
prevent serious or permanent injury from occurring
Physical and psychological dependence
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Athletes take Anabolic steroids to: Increase muscle mass Increase strength Decrease body fat
Harmful side effects include: Organ damage (liver, kidney) Increased cholesterol Increased blood pressure Increased aggression
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tockphoto.com/”vuk8691”
Prohormones are a type of androgenic steroid Use of prohormones (androstenedione in particular)
claim to: Increase physical power Decrease body fat
No scientific data to support these theories Harmful side effects include:
Baldness Breast enlargement (in males) aggression and violent behaviour
Synthetic preparations of the Human growth hormone (HGH) is used to achieve: Increased muscle mass Limited weight gain Improved aerobic endurance
Health risks include: Heart problems Excessive growth of hands and feet Dangerous enlargement of organs (heart,
kidneys, liver)
Erythropoietin (EPO) used by some athletes competing in endurance sports
Shown to cause increase in levels of hemoglobin
Allows more oxygen to be carried to tissues
Higher red-cell count causes heart to work harder
Increases risk of cardiac fatigue and heart failure
Restricted pharmacological substances include: Alcohol Marijuana Local anaesthetics Corticosteroids Beta blockers
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tockphoto.com/”pixhook”
Alcohol Causes:
▪ Sedative effects▪ Confusion▪ Lessen reaction time
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tockphoto.com/”pixhook”
MarijuanaCauses:
Affects psychomotor functionLowers reaction time
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Local Anaesthetics Causes:
▪ Block pain▪ Further injury can
result
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tockphoto.com/”m
evans”
Restricted pharmacological substances include: Corticosteroids:
▪ Used to open airways
▪ Can be toxic
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tockphoto.com/”pixhook”
Beta Blockers Causes:
▪ Can cause low blood pressure
▪ Disrupts sleep patterns
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tockphoto.com/”shorrocks”
Physiological methods include: Blood doping
▪ Intravenous administration of blood, red blood cells, and related blood products:▪ Raises the blood’s oxygen carrying capacity▪ Increases cardiac output▪ Decreases lactate levels▪ Improves sweating response
Drug masking▪ Certain drugs are used to reduce the presence of
banned substances▪ Includes agents that dilute concentration in:
▪ Bloodstream▪ Diuretics
Drug Testing Ensures an even
playing field Test are
performed randomly
Performed year around
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tockphoto.com/”C
hristine Glade”
Ethical Issues What would you do? How would your decision
impact your family,
country, or nation? How would it impact
your future?
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