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Definitions and Classification The most widely accepted definition of
mental retardation is that of the American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR). The major components of the AAMR definition (1992) include the following characteristics:
Significant subaverage general intellectual functioning
Adaptive skill deficits The age of onset refers
Classification Severity may be discussed in terms of
mild, moderate, severe, or profound retardation. Use of scores on intelligence tests Indicators of adaptive behavior
Educability expectations are Mild - Educable (IQ 55 to70) Moderate - Trainable (IQ 40 to 55) Severe - Custodial (IQ 40 to 20) Profound – (IQ below 20)
Classification Cont… Medical descriptors Classification based on needed
support Intermittent supports Limited supports Extensive supports Pervasive supports
Prevalence 11% of all students with disabilities are
classified with mental retardation 611,076 children aged 6-21 Approximately 2.5% (6 million) of the
general population would be classified as mildly retarded
The remaining 0.5% (over 1 million) would fall into the range of moderate through profound mental retardation.
Characteristics Learning and Memory Self regulation Adaptive skills Academic achievement Motivation Speech and language characteristics Physical characteristic
Causation Sociocultural influences Biomedical factors Behavioral factors Traumas or physical agents Unknown prenatal influences
Sociocultural Influences Living in adverse economic conditions. Receiving poor nutritional and medical
care. Living in an environment that offers few
opportunities for learning. For the majority of people with
moderate, sever, profound mental retardation, problems are evident at birth.
Behavioral Factors Infection and intoxication Maternal infection, such as congenital
rubella, HIV, and toxoplasmosis Intoxication refers to cerebral damage
that occurs when an excessive level of some toxic agent is present in the mother-fetus system.Mental retardation may result from postnatal infections
Traumas Or Physical Agents Traumas or physical agents may
occur either prior to birth, during delivery, or after the baby is born.
Unknown Prenatal Influences Several conditions associated with
unknown prenatal influences can result in extremely severe disorders, such as anencephaly and hydrocephalus.
The Early Childhood Years Early intervention in assessment,
curriculum, and instruction technologies.
Intervention techniques focus on the acquisition of sensorimotor functions and intellectual development
Developmental milestones approach Head Start
The Elementary School Years Motor skills Self-help skills Social skills Communication skills Functional academic skills
The Adolescent Years Personal independent and
participation in the community. Employment preparation
Inclusive Education Inclusive education of students with
mental retardation in general education classrooms with nondisabled peers, consistent with an established individualized educational program
Special schools are designed as facilities exclusively for student with disabilities
Task analysis of brushing teeth
1. Grasp side of medicine cabinet with left hand
2. Pull cabinet door open
3. Grasp toothpaste with left hand
4. Lift toothpaste out of cabinet
5. Grasp toothbrush in right hand
6. Pull toothbrush out of holder
7. With 2 fingers, grab the cap of toothpaste
8. Twist the cap counterclockwise until it is off the tube
Today’s Activity Perform a daily task and analyze the
specific steps involved to complete the steps.
Write down each minuet step. Follow your written steps to see if you can
complete the task by following your steps. If you cannot, revise your task analysis to
include all steps necessary to complete the task.
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