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Progressive Science Initiative

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Relationships & Cycles of Matter & Energy

in Ecosystems

Table of Contents: Relationships & Cycles of Matter & Energy

in Ecosystems

· Introduction to Biomes and Ecosystems

Click on the topic to go to that section

· Energy in Food Webs

· Competition for Resources

· Balance Within an Ecosystem

· Ecosystem

Introduction to Biomes and Ecosystems

Return to Tableof Contents

Life on Earth is organized into different levels.

The different levels allow for the study of interactions between biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) factors.

Levels of Ecology

The biosphere refers to the entirety of the living world (the prefix "bio-" means "living").

It is the sum of all ecosystems - from the highest point of the atmosphere to the deepest reaches of the ocean.

Biosphere

A biome is a geographic area of the Earth that is defined by the types of plants and animals living there.

Different regions of the earth have different climates, which then create different biomes. An area's climate is its average weather over a long

period of time.

MAJOR BIOMES OF THE WORLD

Biomes

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A biome is a geographic area of the Earth that is defined by the types of plants and animals living there.

Different regions of the earth have different climates, which then create different biomes. An area's climate is its average weather over a long

period of time.

MAJOR BIOMES OF THE WORLD

Biomes

[This object is a teacher notes pull tab]

Biome Research Activity:Using the map on this slide, have the

class determine the four most common biomes in the US. Divide the

class into four groups and have students research their given biome

and complete the Biome Facts Worksheet. Students will need access to research materials for this activity.

forest ecosystem

wetland ecosystem

EcosystemsA biological community of interacting organisms and their physical

environment is an ecosystem. Within a biome, there can be several ecosystems.

List all of the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) factors that make up the ecosystem in the picture above.

Communities are populations that interact with each other within an ecosystem. Communities can be separated by living

or non-living matter, such as mountains or streams.

Communities

The specific place or environment within an ecosystem where animals and plants live or grow is called a habitat.

As you can see above, some habitats are underwater or even underground!

Habitats

Groups of organisms that live in the same area and mate with one another make up a population.

Populations

Organisms are specific species of plants, animals, bacteria, fungi or other living things that live in a specific area.

Organisms

1 All biomes have similar climates.

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1 All biomes have similar climates.

[This object is a pull tab]

False: Different climates create different biomes.

2 Which of the following is not a classification level of Ecology

A Organism

B Species

C Communities

D Biosphere

E Populations

F Ecosystems

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2 Which of the following is not a classification level of Ecology

A Organism

B Species

C Communities

D Biosphere

E Populations

F Ecosystems

3 There are many types of ecosystems within a given habitat.

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3 There are many types of ecosystems within a given habitat.

wer False: There are many

types of habitats within a given ecosystem.

4 A biological community of organisms interacting with their environment is a(n)

A Habitat

B Community

C Population

D Ecosystem

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4 A biological community of organisms interacting with their environment is a(n)

A Habitat

B Community

C Population

D Ecosystem

5 Desert, mountains, tundra and tropical rain forest are all examples of __________.

A Species

B Habitats

C Ecosystems

D Biomes

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5 Desert, mountains, tundra and tropical rain forest are all examples of __________.

A Species

B Habitats

C Ecosystems

D Biomes[This object is a pull tab]

D: biomes

Ecosystems

What Makes Up an Ecosystem?

Remember, an ecosystem is a community of both living and nonliving things that interact in the same

Let's brainstorm to come up with a list things that may be found in an ecosystem.

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What Makes Up an Ecosystem?

Remember, an ecosystem is a community of both living and nonliving things that interact in the same

Let's brainstorm to come up with a list things that may be found in an ecosystem.

Have students make a list on the board of things found in an

ecosystem.

Living or Nonliving?

Living things perform all of the following life processes:

-get energy and nutrients -use energy -grow -reproduce -get rid of waste -respond to the environment

Things that do not perform all of the life processes are considered nonliving.

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Living things perform all of the following life processes:

-get energy and nutrients -use energy -grow -reproduce -get rid of waste -respond to the environment

Things that do not perform all of the life processes are considered nonliving.

Discussion:Using the students' list on the board

of things found in an ecosystem, discern which are living/nonliving based on the criteria of basic life processes. ie: a car gets energy,

uses energy, gets rid of waste, but is it living? (no, because living things must meet all 6 criteria)

Determine if the following objects are living or nonliving by checking off the boxes below:

Object Does it move? Does it eat? Does it

reproduce? Does it grow? Living or Nonliving?

There are two types of factors within an ecosystem, biotic and abiotic.

biotic factors = living abiotic factors = nonliving

Factors in an Ecosystem

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There are two types of factors within an ecosystem, biotic and abiotic.

biotic factors = living abiotic factors = nonliving

Factors in an Ecosystem

We know that the greek root "bio" means life, so you can remember that "bio"tic factors are living. The

prefix "a" means without or "not", so "a"biotic factors are not alive.

sunlight

oxygen

carbon dioxide

photosynthesis

Organisms that make their own nutrients from their surroundings

are called autotrophs.

All plants are autotrophs. Plants go through photosynthesis where they convert sunlight

into the chemical energy they need to grow.

Autotrophs

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sunlight

oxygen

carbon dioxide

photosynthesis

Organisms that make their own nutrients from their surroundings

are called autotrophs.

All plants are autotrophs. Plants go through photosynthesis where they convert sunlight

into the chemical energy they need to grow.

Autotrophs

The greek root "auto" means self, and "troph" means to feed. So

autotrophs can feed themselves.

All animals are heterotrophs.

Organisms that rely on consuming other organisms to gain energy and nutrients are called heterotrophs.

Heterotrophs

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All animals are heterotrophs.

Organisms that rely on consuming other organisms to gain energy and nutrients are called heterotrophs.

Heterotrophs

We know that the greek root "hetero" means other, and "troph" means to feed. So heterotrophs

feed on other sources.

Other animals are carnivores, which hunt and eat only other

animals.

Some animals are herbivores, and only eat plants to gain energy.

Animals that eat both plants and other animals are called omnivores.

grasshoppers eat grass

mice eat berries and insects

hawks eat snakes

Types of Heterotrophs

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Other animals are carnivores, which hunt and eat only other

animals.

Some animals are herbivores, and only eat plants to gain energy.

Animals that eat both plants and other animals are called omnivores.

grasshoppers eat grass

mice eat berries and insects

hawks eat snakes

Types of Heterotrophs

Are you an herbivore, carnivore or omnivore? What do we call humans

that are herbivores?

Dependence on Environments

Living things depend upon their environment for food, shelter and survival. Without access to the necessary items in their environment

living things would struggle to survive.

What do owls depend upon their environment for?

Change Impacts Ecosystems

Ecosystems (the living and nonliving things in an environment) are all a part of a connected community where a minor change can disrupt or

destroy the entire system.

If the pond above was contaminated it could cause the plant and algae population to die off. If this was to happen, then the fish,

insects, birds and reptiles that all depend upon them would also die.

6 Air and water are biotic factors of an ecosystem.

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6 Air and water are biotic factors of an ecosystem.

False: Air and water are abiotic (nonliving

factors).

7 Which of the following are heterotrophs? (Put in all that apply)

A Pelican

B Pine tree

C Human

D Pancake

E Shark

F Bacteria

G Moss

H Spider

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7 Which of the following are heterotrophs? (Put in all that apply)

A Pelican

B Pine tree

C Human

D Pancake

E Shark

F Bacteria

G Moss

H Spider

A, C, E, F, & H

8 Living things do which of the following? (Select all that apply)

A Grow

B Respond to the Environment

C Get Rid of Waste

D Get and Use Energy

E Reproduce

F All of the Above

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8 Living things do which of the following? (Select all that apply)

A Grow

B Respond to the Environment

C Get Rid of Waste

D Get and Use Energy

E Reproduce

F All of the Above[This object is a pull tab]

9 Which of the following would impact a forest ecosystem? (Select all that apply)

A Strong Winds

B Pine beetle killing of trees

C Harsh winter

D Introduction of Wolves into the area

E All of the above

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9 Which of the following would impact a forest ecosystem? (Select all that apply)

A Strong Winds

B Pine beetle killing of trees

C Harsh winter

D Introduction of Wolves into the area

E All of the above[This object is a pull tab]

E, All of these factors could impact the ecosystem of the forest. Living

things depend upon their environmental interactions and minor

changes/events can have huge impacts.

Competition for Resources

The organisms within an ecosystem need shelter, air, water and

energy to survive.

They get their energy from many different sources.

Needs of Organisms

Organisms and populations depend upon their environment to support their life. Species constantly interact with the other living

and nonliving factors.

Importance of the Environment

What are the environmental requirements to support beavers? Which environment below would best support beavers? Why?

As organisms grow and populations increase they are limited by how many resources they have access to. Eventually, populations

will reach their carrying capacity and their growth will stop.

Access to Resources

Different organisms or populations that need the same resources will compete over these supplies.

Which organisms are competing for common resources in this food web?

Competition for Resources

The resources that animals compete for are food, water, space to live and access to mates to breed with.

Competition in Animals

Plants also compete for resources, though they are harder to see and somewhat different from animals.

Plants compete for water, access to light, the minerals in the soil and attention of certain animals for pollination and seed dispersion.

Competition in Plants

10 What do organisms need to survive?

A Water

B Energy & Nutrients

D Habitat

E All of the above

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10 What do organisms need to survive?

A Water

B Energy & Nutrients

D Habitat

E All of the above[This object is a pull tab]

E: Organisms need water, energy & nutrients, air and a habitat to survive.

11 If there is a lack of resources in an area, what will happen to the population of organisms?

A They will increase as there is more room

B There will be no change

C It will decrease

D New organisms will inhabit the space

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11 If there is a lack of resources in an area, what will happen to the population of organisms?

A They will increase as there is more room

B There will be no change

C It will decrease

D New organisms will inhabit the space

12 Which of the following resources do plants compete for? (Select all that apply).

A Attraction of bees

B Access to Light

C Mates

D Water

E Minerals

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12 Which of the following resources do plants compete for? (Select all that apply).

A Attraction of bees

B Access to Light

C Mates

D Water

E Minerals[This object is a pull tab]

wer A, B, D, E. Animals compete for

mates, plants are pollinated by other organisms.

The animal that is doing the hunting is called the predator, while the animal being hunted is the prey.

Not all predators are big animals, and they're not

always bigger than their prey.

Predators and Prey

The introduction of predators into a new area can reduce or eliminate whole populations of organisms.

Introduction of Predators

When humans brought a new snake to Guam, all of the native species suffered. Guam lost all of their populations of sea birds, 13 species of

forest birds, 3 native mammals and 6 types of lizards.

Wolves were removed from the Yellowstone region, which led to an increase in elk herds and other animals. Since the wolves were

not there to hunt, the entire ecosystem changed.

With no wolves, the number of elk increased. The elk began eating all of the tree saplings, causing the number of Aspen and

Cottonwood trees to shrink. Also, coyote populations boomed which negatively affected red fox and pronghorn populations.

Removal of Predators

In order to try to fix the balance of the ecosystem, wolves have been reintroduced into part of the Rocky Mountains where their populations were previously destroyed.

Bringing the wolf back into the Rockies, however, has caused a

decline in the amount of elk and coyotes, which in turn has led to more ecological changes.

Reintroduction of Predators

Killer whales work together to isolate and kill gray whale calves.

Predatory Interactions

They feast on the carcass and push it towards shallow water to keep it from sinking. Once the body reaches the shore, bears feast on the

meat and blubber. The bears depend on the killer whales who help provided them with a much needed food source.

Invasive Species

Also known as "non-native" or "alien" species, invasive species are plants or animals that are found outside of their natural habitat

as a result of deliberate or accidental introduction by humans.

These new species can disrupt the ecosystem by dominating the native species' habitats and/or causing competition for

food sources.

Invasive species

food source

Native species

The Problem with Invasive Species

You would think that bringing more animals or plants into an environment would be a good thing, but that is not the case in this

situation.

The problem with bringing in an invasive species is that the native species don't know how to respond. This can lead to invasive species having no predators, eating up the food supply, and

growing at an out-of-control rate.

Kudzu (An Invasive Plant Species)

Also known as the "mile-a-minute vine," the Kudzu Vine is naturally found in

Japan, but was brought to the US in 1876 in an

attempt to help prevent soil erosion.

Since its introduction, Kudzu has spread

150,000+ acres per year due to the fact that it's

vines can grow up to a foot per day. The images

show the rapid growth of the vine.

Round Goby (An Invasive Animal Species)

This species was accidentally introduced to the North American Great Lakes in 1990.

The Round Gody is an aggressive fish and steals the food of native animals as well as their shelter and nesting sites. Round Gobies also eat the eggs of native fish, many of which are important to the fishing

industry.

(Answer) / 94

Round Goby (An Invasive Animal Species)

This species was accidentally introduced to the North American Great Lakes in 1990.

The Round Gody is an aggressive fish and steals the food of native animals as well as their shelter and nesting sites. Round Gobies also eat the eggs of native fish, many of which are important to the fishing

industry.

Local Causes of Unbalance(discussion)

Discuss which factors are affecting the balance of your local

ecosystems. What are possible ways students can impact/change

the situation?

Adaptations

Adaptations are special features that allow a plant or animal to live in a particular place or habitat.

Organisms develop adaptations in order to help them survive in different environments.

Cactus adaptations for a desert biome. Marine life adaptations for an ocean biome.

Species AdaptationsSpecies can adapt the way that their bodies look as well as the way

that they behave in order to survive.

Ways in which species can change their appearance include:

- Fur- Change in beak shape- Webbed feet- Sharp claws

Changes in a species' behavior can include:

- Migration- Hibernation- Camouflage

These are called anatomical adaptations.

These are called behavioraladaptations.

Adaptations that help organisms survive in their specific habitat might make it very difficult for the plant or animal to

survive in a different place. This explains why certain organisms are found in one area, but not in another.

Specific Adaptations

Oh, boy! It sure is hot out here!

Nice day for a swim!

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Adaptations that help organisms survive in their specific habitat might make it very difficult for the plant or animal to

survive in a different place. This explains why certain organisms are found in one area, but not in another.

Specific Adaptations

Oh, boy! It sure is hot out here!

Nice day for a swim!

Adaptation Activity(see worksheet)Students are asked to create adaptations necessary for an

organism to live in a non-native habitat. ie: a grizzly bear moving from a forest to an aquatic habitat could "develop" gills and webbed

feet for swimming.

Organisms develop adaptations that allow them to withstand and strive in the planets harshest environments.

Adapting to Extremes

Mountain Goats have adapted to live at higher elevations where oxygen

levels are lower.

Flamingos have adapted to tolerate the acidic

waters of lakes where brine flies live.

Arctic plants have adapted to live at cold conditions by growing low to the ground

and being coated by wax to protect against the wind.

Cacti have adapted to dry environments by being

able to store water.

13 Which of the following is most likely to happen if a new predator is introduced into an ecosystem?

A Existing populations of organisms will increase

B Existing organisms with overcome the predator

C Existing populations of organisms will decrease

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13 Which of the following is most likely to happen if a new predator is introduced into an ecosystem?

A Existing populations of organisms will increase

B Existing organisms with overcome the predator

C Existing populations of organisms will decrease

14 A/An ___________ is a special feature that allows a plant or animal to live in a particular place or habitat.A Accommodation

B Adaptation

C Invasive Species

D Carrying Capacity

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14 A/An ___________ is a special feature that allows a plant or animal to live in a particular place or habitat.A Accommodation

B Adaptation

C Invasive Species

D Carrying Capacity

15 A specific adaptation is a change in an organism's ability to access resources in its environment. A True

B False

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15 A specific adaptation is a change in an organism's ability to access resources in its environment. A True

B False

Balance Within an Ecosystem

Without Oxygen, animals would not be able to get any energy from the things they ate!

Oxygen (O2) is released by plants and used by animals. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is released by animals and used by plants. This is

an important relationship.

Plants and Animals Rely on Each Other

In an interdependent relationship, organisms depend on each other to obtain energy and survive. This means

that one organism cannot live without the other.

Interdependent Relationships

Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism

There are three types of symbiotic relationships

A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two different species within the same ecosytem.

Symbiotic Relationships

Mutualism refers to a relationship between two different organisms of different species in which they both benefit.

As we just saw, plants and animals are in a mutualistic symbiotic

relationship. Plants take in CO2 and give off O2, where animals take in O2

and release CO2.

Mutualism

More Examples of Mutualism

Bees collect nectar from flowers to make honey, and they also carry pollen on their hairy bodies which helps to pollinate other flowers.

The oxpecker eats ticks, flies and other insects from the zebra's back. The bird also flies away letting out a screech when predators are near, warning the zebra of danger.

Commensalism is a relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is unaffected.

Barnacles often stick to whales so that they can travel to new sources of food.

This neither helps nor harms the whale.

Birds build nests in trees to keep their eggs safe from many predators.

Their presence does not affect the tree.

Commensalism

Parasitism is a relationship between two different species in which one organism (the parasite) benefits while the other (the

host) is harmed in some way.

Tapeworms can infect the digestive tracts of an animal and steal nutrients, essentially

starving the host.

Mosquitos feed on human blood and can also infect their host with illnesses such as Malaria.

Parasitism

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Parasitism is a relationship between two different species in which one organism (the parasite) benefits while the other (the

host) is harmed in some way.

Tapeworms can infect the digestive tracts of an animal and steal nutrients, essentially

starving the host.

Mosquitos feed on human blood and can also infect their host with illnesses such as Malaria.

Parasitism

Research materials(books and/or internet access) will be necessary to

complete classwork.

Knowing how the food chain and life cycle works helps us understand how delicate the balance is within any ecosystem.

But what happens when the ecosystem becomes unbalanced?

Balancing Act

decomposers

primaryconsumers

consumers

secondary

tertiary

Picture a metal chain - each link is connected and dependent on the links on either side of it.

The same goes for food chains. Each organism, or "link" in the chain, is affected

by the resources below it and above it in the chain.

It's All Connected

sunlight

nutrient rich soil

clean water

clean airplants

animals

decomposersminerals

habitats

climate

Now picture a web. It can be delicate because any disruption could cause the whole thing to collapse. Food webs and the

balance within an ecosystem can be just as fragile.

Food webs, along with the relationships between all biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem, are interrelated much in the same way.

Many Factors Involved

There are many things that can affect the balance of all the factors within an ecosystem.

Can you think of any?

What Could Cause Unbalance?

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There are many things that can affect the balance of all the factors within an ecosystem.

Can you think of any?

What Could Cause Unbalance?

Yarn Web ActivityThis concept can be demonstrated by having students form a circle. Each is given an index card with a resource, or living factor within the ecosystem. One student begins with a ball of yarn and passes to another(holding the end,

and unraveling yarn to reach the other student) after stating how his/her card is related to whom

s/he is passing to. This continues until each student is connected and you have formed a "web". Now experiment with what happens if one student begins to pull on their yarn, or if

one person drops their yarn. What could cause this unbalance? How is this like the balance

and connectedness of factors in an ecosystem? The homework assignment is a post-game

written response.

16 Which of the following is not a type of symbiotic relationship:

A mutualism

B liberalism

C parisitism

D commensalism

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16 Which of the following is not a type of symbiotic relationship:

A mutualism

B liberalism

C parisitism

D commensalism[This object is a pull tab]

B: liberalism

17 In a parasitic relationship, both species benefit.

(Answer) / 94

17 In a parasitic relationship, both species benefit.

False: The parasite benefits and the host is harmed.

18 Bees collecting nectar from flowers while cross-pollinating other flowers is an example of which type of symbiotic relationship?

A mutualism

B parasitism

C commensalism

(Answer) / 94

18 Bees collecting nectar from flowers while cross-pollinating other flowers is an example of which type of symbiotic relationship?

A mutualism

B parasitism

C commensalism

werA: mutualism, because both

species benefit

19 Ecosystems are very stable and changing one factor does not tend to affect the overall balance and flow.

(Answer) / 94

19 Ecosystems are very stable and changing one factor does not tend to affect the overall balance and flow.

wer False: ecosystems are easily

disrupted and changes to one factor are detrimental to the

overall balance

Energy in Food Webs

(energy)

Food Chain

The transfer of energy and nutrients from one organism to another makes up a food chain.

Food chains show just one path for the energy.

Food Chains

(Answer) / 94

(energy)

Food Chain

The transfer of energy and nutrients from one organism to another makes up a food chain.

Food chains show just one path for the energy.

Food ChainsTe

It is important to explain that the arrows do NOT reflect which

organisms consume which, but rather where the energy is transferred.

For example, mushrooms don't "eat" hawks, but when a hawk dies, its

energy is taken in by the mushrooms.

Producers are organisms in an ecosystem that make food for other organisms. Most commonly these are plants which get their energy from the sun through photosynthesis.

Consumers are animals that eat other organisms to gain energy.

Decomposers are organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms. These are most commonly bacteria and fungi.

(Types of consumers: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)

Food Chain Review

(Answer) / 94

Producers are organisms in an ecosystem that make food for other organisms. Most commonly these are plants which get their energy from the sun through photosynthesis.

Consumers are animals that eat other organisms to gain energy.

Decomposers are organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms. These are most commonly bacteria and fungi.

(Types of consumers: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)

Food Chain Review

Quick Review: Interactive Game

click here to play a review game about food chains

As energy moves throughout the food webs it does so as atoms. Atoms are the small building blocks that make up all matter. They are

the smallest particle of an element.

There are 90 naturally occurring atoms and scientists have created 25 more.

Atoms of both the living and nonliving things in an ecosystem are repeatedly transferred. As the atoms move along they

transfer energy and nutrients.

Cycle of Atoms

A food web is a series of food chains that interact within the

same ecosystem.

Food webs show many

different paths the

energy can take.

Food Webs

Food Webs Practice

Click here for some Fun With Food Webs!

Each step of the web involves the transfer of atoms in and out of the physical environment. Life cycles within an ecosystem

are dependent on energy passing through the food web.

When we think about food chains and food webs, we picture plants and animals and a sequence of who eats who.

Energy Transfer in Food Webs

The initial energy in all food webs is transferred from the sun to the producers. This energy (as well as the plant's matter) then travels to the consumers and eventually to decomposers. The decomposers return

nutrients to the soil so that they can be absorbed by plants again.

Energy Flow in Food Webs

If it was possible to label a single Carbon atom, for example,we could track it cycling

through the entire food chain.

Matter Cycles Through the Food Web

The same can be said about an atom cycling through an

aquatic food web.

Matter Cycles Through an Aquatic Food Web

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The same can be said about an atom cycling through an

aquatic food web.

Matter Cycles Through an Aquatic Food Web

It is important to emphasize that all organisms are part of a food web, even though most examples to this

point have been terrestrial.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in plants. Through this process, energy is introduced to the food web.

Organisms are dependent upon plants as a source of energy.

(100,000 units of energy)

Energy in an ecosystem flows from the bottom up. The energy gathered from the sun in photosynthesis provides

energy for an entire ecosystem.

Energy Pyramid

Unused energy is recycled back into the

food web through decomposers.

What happens to animal waste and dead animal or plant matter?

Unused Energy

Click to reveal answer

Decomposition

Decomposers, like fungi and bacteria, break down animal waste as well as dead plants and animals into atoms, that

recombine into different molecules and nutrients. This both enriches the soil for new plants (producers) to grow, and keeps

waste from piling up within an ecosystem.

Aquatic Decomposers

Decomposition also occurs in water. Nutrients and energy is released back into the ecosystem providing energy and resources.

The process of decomposition can be considered the final link in the cycle of matter and energy flowing through an ecosystem.

decomposition

When the cycle begins again, the atoms from the previous generations of plants and animals will be made into new plant matter.

Decomposition Completes the Cycle

20 A food web contains only one example of of the transfer of energy from one organism to another.

(Answer) / 94

20 A food web contains only one example of of the transfer of energy from one organism to another.

wer FALSE: A food web can contain

multiple examples of the transference of energy

21 Which of the following is a way energy and nutrients are introduced into the food cycle? Select all that apply.

A Adaptation of an organism

B Plants use solar energy for photosynthesis.

C Consumption of a producer by a consumer

D Decomposition of dead organisms.

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21 Which of the following is a way energy and nutrients are introduced into the food cycle? Select all that apply.

A Adaptation of an organism

B Plants use solar energy for photosynthesis.

C Consumption of a producer by a consumer

D Decomposition of dead organisms.

B, C, D

22 The arrows in this diagram point in the direction the energy is flowing.

(energy)

Food Chain

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22 The arrows in this diagram point in the direction the energy is flowing.

(energy)

Food Chain[This object is a pull tab]

TRUE: Arrows show energy flow.

23 Energy always flows from the bottom up

A True

B False

(Answer) / 94

23 Energy always flows from the bottom up

A True

B False

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6th Grade Science Wetlands

6th Standard Science

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Physical Science 6th Balancing Equations

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6th Standard Science - cbse.qb365.in

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6th Science Cell Workshop 2

Hawaiian Islands - 6th grade Science

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