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Rheumatic diseases in children
Pavla Doležalová
Klinika dětského a dorostového lékařství 1.LFUK
Ke Karlovu 2, Praha 2
•Pain or limb dysfunction - various
organ system involvement
•Musculoskeletal pain - common in
chidren (4-30% otherwise healthy
kids)
• Arthritis - small proportion:
108,5/100000 children under 16
(transitory conditions in most cases,
duration shorter than 6 weeks)
• Chronic (idiopathic) arthritis (over
6 weeks duration):
5,3 - 19,6/100000 dětí
History
• Pain characteristics:
– type of the pain (dull, sharp, colicky…)
– Intenzity, duration, localisation, radiance
– Predisposing and relieving factors (relation to activity)
– Time location of the most intensive pain (morning,
evening, night)
• Presence of stiffness? (eg early morning)
• Limb dysfunction?
• Age-appropriate activities?
• Presence of visible changes? (skin colour, oedema)
Joint symptoms
Příznaky Souvislosti Preferenčnílokalizace
Specifické příznaky
Mechanické Po tělesnéaktivitěČastěji ustarších dětí
KolenoKotník
Blokáda,instabilitaBolest:ostrá,náhlá,přechodná,úlevapo odpočinkuPřechodná synovitida
Zánětlivé Po klidu Jakýkolikloub
Časná ranní ztuhlostBolest: palčivá nebo tupá,přetrvávající kolísavě, nezmizí zcelapři odpočinku, může probudit zespaní. Otok, kožní teplota zvýšená
Idiopatické PředcházejícítraumaStres
KončetinaGeneralizované potíže
Bolest:trvalá, zneschopňujícíUnavitelnost, školní absence, výraznádysfunkce, poruchy spánku
Basic joint exam
• Color
• Bone structures
• Muscle bulk
• Length and width discrepancy
• Limb position
• Appearance of the painful site
Joint exam: Palpation
• Skin temperature
• Oedema
– soft tissues, effusion, bone overgrowth
• Site of maximum pain
– joint space, soft tissues, bone
Joint exam: ROM
• ROM
– passive
– active
• Compensatory movements
• Pain with motion
Differencial diagnosis of
musculoskeletal pain Avascular necrosis and degenerative conditions:
Perthes,osteochondritis,chondromalacia patellae,hypermobility
Reactive arthritis: post:-streptococcal,-enteritic, -viral
Trauma, non-accidental injury
Hematological diseases: hemoblastosis,hemofília,lymphoma
Rachitis, other metabolic disorders and endocrinopathies
Infections: septic arthritis, osteomyelitis
Tumors: cartilage, bone, muscle, synovium, blood vessels
Idiopathic pain: localised, generalised
Systemic connective tissue diseases: SLE, vasculitis,
dermatomyositis, scleroderma
Osteochondritis and similar disorders
• „Avascular necrosis“
– Etiology unclear
• Localisation
– Femoral head (Legg-Calvé-Perthes)
– Tuberositas tibiae (Osgood-Schlatter)
– Os naviculare (Köhler)
– Vertebral bodies (Scheuermann)
• Patelo-femoral syndrome (anterior knee pain syndrome, chondromalacia)
Post-infectious arthropathies
• Acute rheumatic fever, poststreptococcal reactive
arthritis
• Postenteritic arthritis: gut infections symptomatic
and asymptomatic (Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia,
Helicobacter), acute anterior uveitis, mucous
membrane ulcerations, often HLA B-27+
(+urethritis=Reiter´s syndrome; Chlamydia)
• Postviral arthritis (EBV, CMV,rubella,
ADV,VZV,parvoB19)
Trauma
• Osteochondritis dissecans (transchondral
fracture with fragment separation)
• Traumatic arthropathy (following haemarthros)
• Non-accidental trauma
Hemato-oncological diseases
• Generalised
– Haemofilia
– Hemoblastsis
– Lymphoma
– Neuroblastoma
• Localised tumors
– Osteosarkoma
– Ewing sarkoma
– Synovial tumors (villonodular synovitis?)
Infection
• Lyme disease
• Viral arthritis (rubella, parvovirus, HB, herpesvirus)
• Septic arthritis
– Staph, HIB, Pneumococcus, Salmonella
– Haematogeneous
– Acte - systemic signs, subacute, chronic – difficult dg (TB!!!)
• Osteomyelitis acute, subacute, chronic
• Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), SAPHO syndrome
Idiopathic pain syndromes
• Localised
– RSD (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy, Sudeck
atrophy)
– „Growing pains“
– Fibromyalgia
• Chronic pain syndrome
Diseases affecting musculoskeletal
system: infants and toddlers
• Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis
• Kawasaki disease
• Discitis: ?etiology, back pain, often preceded
by trauma or infection. XR, bone scan
• Non-accidental trauma: child abuse
• CINCA/NOMID
• Periodic fever syndromes (HIDS, TRAPS)
Diseases affecting musculoskeletal
system: Preschool and school children
• Transient coxitis, postinfectious arthropathy
• Lyme disease
• Henoch - Schönlein purpura
• Benign hypermobility syndrome
• Growing pains
• Perthes disease
• Acute haemoblastosis, bone tumours, pigmented
villonodular synovitis, sarcoidosis
• Genetically-determined disorders: bone dysplasias,
collagen disorders, metabolic diseases
Diseases affecting musculoskeletal
system: adolescence • Back pain
• Patelofemoral pain
• Slipped upper femoral epiphysis
• Diffuse connective tissue diseases: SLE,
JDM,MCTD,SS
• Systemic diseases with joint symptoms: IBD,
CF, hemofilia, DM
• Idiopathic pain syndromes: localised (RSD),
generalised (fibromyalgia)
Chronic inflammatory diseases
• Vasculitides
– Henoch-Schönlein purpura
– Kawasaki disease
• Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
• SLE, JDM, scleroderma, MCTD…
Rheumatic diseases in children-
epidemiology
Incidence Prevalence
JIA 5,3 - 19,6 minim. 1/1000
JSLE 0,5 - 0,6 10% new dg.
JDM/JPM 0,2 - 0,5 (0,15)
SS 0,45 - 1,2 total. ?
1,0-9,0% do 20 let
HSP 13,5 ?
KD 5,95 - 7,6 do 5 let ?
JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC
ARTHRITIS:
Diagnosis per exclusionem
Classification of Juvenile Idiopathic
Arthritis
2nd revision-Edmonton 2001
Definition: Arthritis of unknown origin affecting a
person younger than 16 years of age of minimum 6
weeks duration in at least one joint
JIA classification
Clinical features during first 6 months
Criteria, descriptors, exclusions
1. Systemic arthritis
2. Polyarthritis IgM RF-
3. Polyarthritis IgM RF+
4. Oligoarthritis: persistent, extended
5. Arthritis with enthesitis
6. Psoriatic arthritis
7. Other arthritis
Systemic JIA
Still’s disease: epidemiology
• sJIA: 10-15% of all JIA (annual incidence
2-20/100.000) Cassidy and Petty, 2000
– any age, peak onset 2 years
– boys and girls equally affected
Definition and classification: sJIA Petty et al, 1998
• Arthritis with or preceded by daily fever of at least 2 weeks’ duration
(documented as quotidian for minimum 3 days) accompanied with
one or more of:
-Evanescent, non-fixed erythematous rash
– Generalised LNpathy
– Hepato or splenomegaly
– Serositis
Laboratory features of sJIA
• Non-specific inflammatory activity – high ESR, CRP, neutrophilia, thrombocytosis
• Activation of coagulation pathways
• Endothelial activation
• Increased levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and their inhibitors (IL-6, IL-18, TNF-R, IL-1Ra, IL-10)
• Increased ferritin concentration
Complication: Macrophage
activation syndrome - MAS
• Persistent fever and malaise, neurological abnormalities, rash
• Acute hepatopathy, multi-organ failure
• Cytopenia with haemophagocytosis in marrow aspirate
• Consumptive coagulopathy with DIC
fibrinogen and ESR, d-dimer, FDP, APTT
• Drop in ESR and fibrinogen
• Raised ferritin and IL-18
sJIA disease course and outcome
• 3 clinical subtypes
– Monocyclic (11%)
– Intermittent (34%)
– Persistent (55%) Lomater et al 2000
• Active disease after >10 years follow-up in 23-58 % of sJIA patients
• 81 adults with JIA, med 21 years duration: 39% active disease, significantly higher HAQ and lower SF-36 than controls Foster et al 2003
• Mortality all JRA: <0.29% (0.08% standardised death rate USA), 2/3 sJRA Wallace and Levinson 1991
Oligoarticular JIA
• No affected joints < 5
• Frequency: 60% of all JIA
• Subtypes:
– Persistent
– Extended
Clinical picture • Onset 2-3 years, girls predominate
• Knee, ankle
• Limp, stiffness, swelling, flexion deformity
• Lab often normal
• Fever and general symptoms – careful differential dg
– Malignancies (leukemia, neuroblastoma)
– Infections, other systemic diseases
• CAVE: ANA
• eyes
• psoriasis
• local growth disturbancies
Prognosis
• Excellent if treated early and appropriately
• Chronic uveitis – limits favourable prognosis
Oligoarthritis extended
• Initial 6 months less than 5 joints affected,
polyarticular course later on
• Often elevated inflammatory activity
• Prognosis varies, similar to poly-JIA
• Therapy similar to poly-JIA
Polyarthritis RF negative
• More than 4 affected joints
during initial 6 mo
• ↑ nonspecific inflammation
• Often foot, wrist, hip
involvement – negative
prognostic factor
Polyarthitis RF positive
• 1-2% JIA
• Often adolescent girls
• Similar to adult RA
• Rapidly progressive
destruction, symmetrical
small joint disease
Arthritis with enthesitis
• „Enthesis“ = insertion of tendon or ligament into
bone
• Plantar, Achilles tendon, knee, pelvis
• Lower extremities, SI
• Often HLA B-27, enteropathogen-triggered
• Exclude IBD
• Therapy: local CS, Salazopyrin, (MTX, Enbrel)
JIA – therapy principles
• Multidisciplinary approach
• Drug treatment
– NSAID
– Corticosteroids – intraarticular, systemic
– Methotrexate, Sulphasalazine
– Biologics – TNFα, IL-1, CTLA blockade
– Osteoporosis prevention, topical eye treatment
• Physical and occupational therapy
• Education, supportive/social care
Juvenile idiopathic
inflammatory myopathies
Epidemiology
Incidence Prevalence
JIA 5,3 - 19,6 minim. 1/1000
JSLE 0,5 - 0,6 10% nových dg.
JDM/JPM 0,2 - 0,5 (0,15)
SS 0,45 - 1,2 celk. ?
1,0-9,0% do 20 let
HSP 13,5 ?
KD 5,95 - 7,6 do 5 let ?
Classification (Rider a Miller, 1997)
IIM = Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies:
Chronic striated muscle inflammation of
unknown origin
JDM: 85% JPM: 8%
DG criteria JDM/JPM (Bohan a Peter, 1975)
• Typical skin manifestations
• Symmetrical proximal muscle
weakness
• Muscle enzymes
• EMG changes
• Histopathology
JDM investigations
Labs
• Inflammatory markers
• Muscle enzymes (all)
• Immunology: Ig,C, ANA, ENA, immunoblot
(MAS, MSA) B-ly (CD 19), CD3+CD8+ T-ly
• Endothelial damage (vWF, neopterin, adhesion
molecules)
• Metabolic screening
JDM investigations
• Muscle MRI - T2W, STIR
• EMG - directed
• Muscle biopsy - directed
Early signs of JDM
• Most common: Muscle weakness +
characteristic skin rash (100%,Pachman, J
Rheumatol. 1998)
• Less common: Myopathic syndrome plus
other vasculitis or „dermatomyositis sine
myositis“
• Warning signs: dyslalia, voice change,
dysphagia, fluid regurge
CAVE:
• Muscle enzymes normal in up to 10% (Pachman
1998)
• Inflammatory parameters can be normal, ANA
neg
• Typical skin changes may be initially absent
• Non-targeted biopsy or EMG may be
noninformative in up to 20% (Pachman 1998)
JDM /JPM - DIF. DG.
• Postinfectious myositis (influenza A,B, coxackievirus B, toxoplasmsis, trichinosis, staph pyomyositis)
• Neuromuscular disorders (spinal atrophy, myastenia)
• Metabolic and heritable myopathies (glykogen storage dis, lipidoses, carnitin def, -oxidation disorders, dystrophinopathies…)
• Secondary myopathies (endocrinopthies, steroid induced )
• Other CTD (MCTD, SLE, vasculitis..)
THERAPY
• Drug treatment:
- CS (+ osteoporosis prevention, K suppl)
- immunosuppressive (hydroxychloroquine, MTX,
CFM, CyA, IVIG)
• Multi-discipliplinary: PT/OT, supportive,
alimentation, hydration (myoglobinuria)
PROGNOSIS
Disease course:
• monocyclic : limited, steroid responsive (27%)
• persistent (chronic ulcerative (33%)
• polycyclic (chronic nonulcerative): (40%)
Vasculitides
• Primary systemic vasculitis
New classification of childhood vasculitis Ozen et al 2006
I Predominantly large vessel vasculitis
• Takayasu arteritis
II Predominantly medium sized vessel vasculitis
• Childhood polyarteritis nodosa
• Cutaneous polyarteritis
• Kawasaki disease
III Predominantly small vessels vasculitis
(A) GRANULOMATOUS
• Wegener’s granulomatosis
• Churg-Strauss syndrome
(B) NON-GRANULOMATOUS
• Microscopic polyangiitis
• Henoch-Schönlein purpura
• Isolated cutaneous leucocytoclastic vasculitis
• Hypocomplementic urticarial vasculitis
IV Other vasculitides
• Behçet disease
• Vasculitis secondary to infection (including hepatitis B associated polyarteritis nodosa), malignancies, and drugs, including hypersensitivity vasculitis
• Vasculitis associated with connective tissue diseases
• Isolated vasculitis of the central nervous system
• Cogan syndrome
• Unclassified
Etiopathogenesis of PSV
• Etiology
– Unknown
– Suspected infectious triggers: HB, strep,CMV, Staph aureus, others
• Pathogenesis - principles
– Pathogenic IC formation and deposition
– Autoantibodies (AECA, ANCA)
– Cellular and molecular immune responses (cytokines, adhesion molecules)
– Granuloma formation
– Alteration/damage to EC (infection, toxins, tumors)
Henoch-Schönlein purpura
• Most common PSV in children, typically
school-aged children
• Small vessels, IgA deposits
• Usually benign course
• Prognosis limited by organ involvement
• Predomint localisations
– Skin (typically distributed purpura)
– Acute, self-limited arthritis
– GI vasculitis
– Nephritis
Henoch-Schönlein purpura Ozen et al 2006
Palpable purpura (mandatory criterion) in the presence of at least
one of the following four features:
• Diffuse abdominal pain
• Any biopsy showing predominant IgA deposition
• Arthritis* or arthralgia
• Renal involvement (any haematuria and/or proteinuria)
*Acute, any joint.
Kawasaki disease
• 2nd most common PSV
• Medium-vessel involvement
• Most common in children below 5 years of age, ethnicity important
• Acute, dramatic onset of systemic disease with variable organ manifestations
• Predominant involvement of heart and coronary arteries with aneurysm formation
• Prognosis limited by presence of aneurysms
Kawasaki disease • Fever (100%)
– >5 days
• A: Conjunctivitis (85%) – Bilat., bulbar, non-exsudative
• B,C: Mucosal changes (90%)
– Red lips, strawberry tongue, oropharyngeal erythema
• D: Lymphadenopathy(70%) – Cervical, acute, non-
suppurative, >1,5 cm
• E: Rash (80%)
– Polymorphous
• F,G: Extremity changes.(70%)
– Erythema palms and soles, edema, peeling
Classification criteria for
Kawasaki disease Ozen et al 2006 Fever persisting for at least 5 days (mandatory criterion) plus
four of the following five features:
• Changes in peripheral extremities or perineal area
• Polymorphous exanthema
• Bilateral conjunctival injection
• Changes of lips and oral cavity: injection of oral and pharyngeal
mucosa
• Cervical lymphadenopathy
In the presence of coronary artery involvement(detected on echocardiography)and
fever, fewer than four of the remaining five criteria are sufficient (the exact number
of criteria required is to be defined in the validation phase).
KD – other symptoms
• Musculoskeletal: arthralgia, arthritis
• CNS: aseptic meningoencephalitis, palsies, stroke
• GIT: abd pain, hepatopathy, hydrops of
gallbladder, pancreatitis
• Urinary: urethritis, interstic. Nephritis
• Cardiopulmonary:
– acute - peri/myocarditis, valvulitis, CA dilatation, heart
failure,
– subacute-CA aneurysms, ischemia,
– convalescent-angina, IM
KD – course and therapy
Phase Week Therapy
Acute 1-2 IVIG 2g/kg
(pulse IVMP)
Subacute 3-6 ASA 80-100 mg/kg 14d.
Convalescent 4-10 ASA 3-5 mg/kg 6-8 wk
Dipyridamole
Anticoagulation
Angioplasty, bypass,
transplant
Juvenile polyarteritis - cPAN
• Necrotising inflammation of medium and/or small arteries
• Epidemiology
– worldwide, rare
– equal sex distribution
– peak age at onset 10 years
• Histopathology
– fibrinoid necrosis
– pleiomorphic infiltration
– disarranged wall architecture
– healing with fibrosis.
cPAN – general principles
• Vessel type and size, site (predilection for renal and
GI arteries, severity: brain, CA x skin)
• Extent of vessel involvement
– Focal - aneurysm, rupture
– Segmental – stenosis, occlusion
• Quantity (organ-specific symptoms, systemic
features, multiorgan failure)
cPAN – clinical characteristics (Cassidy and Petty 2001)
• Fever (84%)
• Arthritis/arthralgia (74%)
• Abdominal pain (68%)
• Myalgia (67%)
• Skin:
– rash (58%)
– edema (20%)
– petechiae (17%)
• Renal (25%)
• Cardiac (21%)
• Nervous system
– seizures (16%)
– other (10%)
• Mucous memb (17%)
• Respiratory (7%)
• Cervical LN(<5%)
• Splenomegaly (6%)
Treatment principles • Induction of remission
– Corticosteroids (CS) (i.v.)
– Cyclophosphamide i.v. pulse 500-1000mg/m2 or oral 2-3 mg/kg/day 2-3 months (cum dose up to 7(-10) g/m2 )
– Plasmapheresis, IVIG, MTX, AZA, CyA, colchicine, thalidomide in combinations
• „Standard“ therapy failure
– antiTNF (infliximab) (Bartolucci et al 2002), ASCT (Wedderburn et al 2001)
• Remission maintenance
– Azathioprin or MTX, slow CS withdrawal
Additional therapy • Vasodilation (prostacyclin analogues for
peripheral ischaemia) (Gianviti et al 1996, Zulian et al 1998)
• Antihypertensives
• Antithrombotic therapy (ASA, LMWH)
• Prevention and therapy of secondary osteoporosis
• Antimicrobial/antimycotic therapy and prophylaxis (PCP, strep), IVIG replacement
• Physical therapy (neurological deficits, musculoskeletal)
Granulomatous vasculitis
• Wegener´s granulomatosis (WG)
• Churg-Strauss syndrome
Classification criteria for Wegener´s
granulomatosis Ozen et al 2006
3 of the following:
• Abnormal urinanalysis
• Granulomatous inflammation on biopsy
• Nasal sinus inflammation
• Subglottic, tracheal or endobronchial stenosis
• Abnormal CXR or CT
• PR3 ANCA or C-ANCA staining
TAKAYASU ARTERITIS
• Segmental arteritis causing stenoses of large
muscular arteries, prediminantly aorta and
its main branches
• Abdominal aorta more often involved in
children, often systemic hypertension
• Non-specific symptoms common
– Fevers, elevation of ESR/CRP, malaise, weight
loss, palpitations, headaches
– Vascular bruits, pulse and BP assymetry
Classification criteria for
Takayasu arteritis
• Angiographic abnormalities (conventional,
CT, MR) of the aorta or its main branches +
at least one of:
– Decreased peripheral artery pulse(s) and/or
claudication of extremities
– Blood pressure difference >10 mm Hg
– Bruits over aorta and/or its major branches
– Hypertension (related to childhood normative
data)
Isolated CNS vasculitis/vasculopthy
• GANS, PACNS, BACNS (Calabrese 2001, Gallagher et al 2001, Stone et al 2001)
• Acquired focal CNS symptoms – Acute severe headache, focal neurologic deficit, gross motor
deficit, hemiparesis, cranial nerve involvement, cognitive dysfunction, seizures (Benseller and Schneider 2004)
• Angiographic or histopathologic features of CNS angiitis
• Absence of systemic disease (clinical and laboratory)
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Definition: ..“episodic, multisystem
autoimmune disease characterised by
inflammation of blood vessels and
connective tissue and presence of
antinuclear antibodies“
Clinical course - variable, unpredictable,
potentially life threatening
Epidemiology: adolescence, 4-5x more
frequent in girls
SLE - DG CRITERIA (ACR) • Malar rash
• Discoid lupus
• Mucocutaneous ulceration
• Non-erosive arthritis
• Nephritis (proteinuria >0,5g/d, cel.casts)
• Encefalopathy (seizures, psychosis)
• Pleuritis or pericarditis
• Cytopenia
• Positive immune serology
• Positive ANA
SLE - clinical I
• Constitutional: fever, fatigue, weight loss
• Mucocutaneous: malar, discoid lupus, periungual erythema, photosensitivity, maculopap.exant., alopecia, ulcerations
• Musculoskeletal: arthritis/arthralgia, myopathy, asept.necrosis
• Vascular: arterioles, venules. Lupus crisis - acute generalised vasculitis, RS, thromboflebitis, livedo, purpura
SLE - clinical II
• Heart: pericarditis, myocarditis, veruccous
endocarditis (Libmann-Sachs)
• Lungs: pleuritis, pneumonitis,
pulm.haemorrhage, thromboembolism
• GIT: dysmotility, malabsorption, colitis,
peritonitis, ascites, pancreatitis, thrombosis
• RES: Hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy
• Autoimunne endocrinopathy
SLE - clinical III
• NS: 20-35% children. Psychosis (organic or
functional), seizures, chorea, vascular accident,
neuropathy, pseudotumor cerebri
• Eyes: retinal vasculitis (cytoid bodies),
papilloedema, retinopathy, episcleritis
• Kidneys: 75% children. Main long-term
prognostic factor. Often asymptomatic, rarely
nephrotic syndrome, haematuria, hypertension,
renal failure
SLE - investigations
• LABORATORY: non-specific
inflammatory activity, anemia, cytopenia,
autoantibodies (ANA, dsDNA, ENA,
ACLA), C3,C4, renal and hepatic
• IMAGING: organ involvement (XR, US,
MRI, EEG, SPECT)
• BIOPSY: skin, renal
• Disease activity and damage evaluation:
SLEDAI, BILAG..
SLE - therapy
• Multidisciplinary approach
• Drug: NSAID, glucocorticoid, antimalarials,
immunosupressives (azathioprine, CYC,
MTX, CyA, MMF, rituximab),
anticoagulation, Ca and vitD supplementation
• Prevention and management of infectious
complications
• Regime (stress, diet, sun exposure)
• Education and councelling
SLE - prognosis
• Protracted course with remissions and
exacerbations
• Mortality - approx. 15%
• Bad prognostic factors: diffuse proliferative
GNF, persistent CNS disease
• Main causes of death: 1) sepsis 2) renal
insufficiency
NEONATAL LUPUS
• Maternal autoantibodies (mainly anti-Ro) in
foetal circulation from 12th-16th wk gestation,
bind to skin and myocardial structures (AV
node mainly)
• Clinical picture: CCHB, skin manifestations
(erythema annulare, discoid lupus), cytopenia
• Antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS)
• Drug-induced lupus (anticonvulsants, infliximab) - often associated with anti-histone ANA
• Overlap syndromes: MCTD (SLE,JIA,JDM,SS), posit. ENA (anti U1RNP)
• Sjögren syndrome primary and secondary
(xerostomy, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, antiRo,La)
Scleroderma I
• Systemic sclerosis: diffuse (proximal skin,
multiorgan involvement), limited ( CREST:
Calsinosis, RS, Esophageal dysmotility,
Sclerodaktyly, Teleangiectasia)
• Clinical features: oedema-induration-sclerosis-
skin atrophy, calcinosis, RS (90%), ischemic
fingertip ulceration, contractures, weakness,
arthralgia, abd pain, GI dysmotility and
malabsorption, dysphagia, pericarditis, pulm
fibrosis, PH, renal vasculitis with hypertension
Scleroderma II • Localised:
- morphea-oval shaped, circumscripted induration
variable in size, depth and number
- linear scleroderma-often deep tissues involved
incl muscle and bone, epilepsy, organ involvement
• Eosinophilic fasciitis: skin induration with
flexion contractures, eosinophilia,
hypergamaglobulinemia, usually no organ
involvement
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