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PATHOLOGY & PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
DISORDERS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
© DOUGANS INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved.
© DOUGANS INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved.
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Learner Study Guide – Pathology & Pathophysiology, Chapter 18, pages 136-138
© DOUGANS INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved.
UNDESCENDED TESTES
Testes that remain in the abdomen instead of descending into
the scrotum just before birth
Most testes descend on their own during 1st year of age
No symptoms
Increases risk for: Testicular torsion, infertility and testicular
cancer later in life
Treatment: Surgery if the testes have not descended by 2nd
year of age
Learner Study Guide – Pathology & Pathophysiology, Chapter 18, pages 136-138
© DOUGANS INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved.
TESTICULAR TORSION
Definition: The twisting of a testis on its spermatic cord so that
the blood supply is blocked.
Normally occurs during puberty both spontaneous and due to
trauma (can occur at any age)
The testicle can die within 6 to 12 hours if left untreated
Signs and symptoms: Sudden severe pain and swelling in a
testis. Pain may seem to come from the abdomen. Nausea and
vomiting.
Requires urgent surgery
Learner Study Guide – Pathology & Pathophysiology, Chapter 18, pages 136-138
© DOUGANS INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved.
TESTICULAR TORSION
Learner Study Guide – Pathology & Pathophysiology, Chapter 18, pages 136-138
© DOUGANS INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved.
INGUINAL HERNIA
Definition: The protrusion of a part of the intestine through the
inguinal canal.
Learner Study Guide – Pathology & Pathophysiology, Chapter 18, pages 136-138
Signs and symptoms:
Painless bulge in the groin
or scrotum. The bulge may
enlarge when person stands
and shrinks when the person
lies down.
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TESTICULAR CANCER
Mostly develops in men younger than age of 40 (15-35)
Risk factor: Undescended testes by age 3
Signs and symptoms:
An enlarged testis
A painless lump in the testis or scrotum
Detection: Regular self-examination
Diagnosis: Physical examination by a medical doctor. Blood test
for tumour markers, ultrasound.
Treatment: Removal of testis and inguinal lymph nodes
Learner Study Guide – Pathology & Pathophysiology, Chapter 18, pages 136-138
© DOUGANS INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved.
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH)
Benign enlargement of the prostate gland that can make
urination difficult
Occurs in 50% of men over the age of 65
Learner Study Guide – Pathology & Pathophysiology, Chapter 18, pages 136-138
© DOUGANS INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved.
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH)
Signs and symptoms:
Difficulty starting urination
Volume and force of urination
is decreased
Dribbling at the end of
urination
Urination may feel incomplete
Must urinate more frequently,
often at night
Learner Study Guide – Pathology & Pathophysiology, Chapter 18, pages 136-138
© DOUGANS INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved.
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH)
Diagnosis:
Rectal exam
Ultrasound
A PSA to exclude prostate
cancer
Learner Study Guide – Pathology & Pathophysiology, Chapter 18, pages 136-138
© DOUGANS INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved.
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH)
Complications:
Urinary retention
Bladder infections
Kidney stones
Kidney damage
Learner Study Guide – Pathology & Pathophysiology, Chapter 18, pages 136-138
Treatment:
Medication
Surgery, but carries risks: Incontinence (1%), erectile
dysfunction (5 to 10%)
Essential fatty acids, zinc, pumpkin seeds, Saw Palmetto
© DOUGANS INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved.
PROSTATE CANCER
Most common cancer in men
1 in 6 men will develop prostate cancer during their lifetime
Third leading cause of cancer death in men
Signs and symptoms:
Usually no symptoms until it is far advanced
Difficulty urinating
Frequent urination
Blood in the urine
Learner Study Guide – Pathology & Pathophysiology, Chapter 18, pages 136-138
© DOUGANS INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved.
PROSTATE CANCER
Screening:
Rectal examination
Blood test: PSA
Treatment:
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Hormonal therapy
The treatments have a high risk of complications such as
urinary incontinence, impotence, lack of libido, osteoporosis
Learner Study Guide – Pathology & Pathophysiology, Chapter 18, pages 136-138
© DOUGANS INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved.
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
Impotence
Not part of normal ageing
Prevalence: Half of men over 65 years of age. Three quarters of
men over 80 years of age.
Learner Study Guide – Pathology & Pathophysiology, Chapter 18, pages 136-138
© DOUGANS INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved.
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
Impotence
Not part of normal ageing
Learner Study Guide – Pathology & Pathophysiology, Chapter 18, pages 136-138
Prevalence: Half of men
over 65 years of age. Three
quarters of men over 80
years of age.
© DOUGANS INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved.
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
Causes:
Atherosclerosis
Diabetes
Blood clot
Damage to the nerves: Surgery (e.g. prostate surgery), spinal
disease, MS, diabetes, stroke, alcohol, drugs
Illness, fatigue, stress
Medicine: Antihypertensives, antidepressants, sedatives,
cimetidine, digoxin, lithium, antipsychotics
Depression, anxiety, guilt
Low testosterone levels
Zinc deficiency
Radiation to the pelvic area
Learner Study Guide – Pathology & Pathophysiology, Chapter 18, pages 136-138
© DOUGANS INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved.
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
Treatment:
Medication: Sildenafil, testosterone
Psychotherapy
Learner Study Guide – Pathology & Pathophysiology, Chapter 18, pages 136-138
© DOUGANS INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved.
QUESTIONS
Recommended