View
212
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Class Structure:
I. Party OrganizationsTypes of partiesInternal democracy
II. Classifying party systemsStability and Fragmentation
III.Projects: Part II Strategy Reports
I: Party OrganizationsFunctions:Party in office –part of government
Theory of responsible party governmentRecruits candidates for officeProposes policy platform/agendaContests & organizes electionsStructures legislature/executive
Party on the ground - part of civic societyFacilitates internal party debateMobilizes members and activistsSimplifies/structures electoral choice
Party StructuresParty in public office
Party leader and executiveParty central office
• Mix of professionals/volunteersParliamentary party
Party on the groundSome professional organizersVolunteers –membersParty national congress/conference
Types of Party Organizations1. Elite parties 19th C
Leader dominated, local caucus, independence from central organization
2. Mass parties 1860-1960sIntegrated national unit: Central office, grassroots local branches, constituencies, regional offices, paid membershipSocial democrat/leftRooted in sectoral-ideological cleavagesAncillary organizations eg clubs, unionsInternal democracy –collective decisionmaking
Party Organizations
3. Catch-all parties 1945-Kirchheimer (1966)Party responsible to nation not sectorElectoral victory over ideological goalsMembers –resources, legitimacy, cheerleadersProfessional consultantsNational campaigns
Party Organizations4. Cartel party 1970+
Katz and Mair (1995)Cartel –all sig. parties agree share winnings and exclude new partiesState resources/subsidiesDecline of membership resourcesDecline of middle-level ‘activists’ Leader-member plebicitesCompetition about managerial competence
Example: Party recruitment
Eg British LabGerman SDPSwedish SDP
Eg Dutch VVDAustrian socialists
Formal
Eg US Dem.Canadian Libs
Eg Italy PSIFrench UDF
Informal
LocalizedCentralized
Implications new democracies?Normative ideal types?Pros and cons of internal party democracyHow do we develop grassroots party organizations?
Structure and constitutionRole of members/activistsFunctions: recruitment, policymaking, electioneering
2. Party Systems (Mair)
Duverger (1954)Number of parties
Sartori (1976)Number of parties + ideological distance•Predominant party system•Two party•Moderate pluralism (3-5)•Polarized pluralism (6+)
Classification 1956-1990 (Relevant parties with over 3% seats ref Alan Ware)
UkraineVenezuelaRussiaPolandItalyIrelandCosta RicaIndia?IsraelGermanyUSMali?DenmarkAustriaNZMexicoBelgiumAustraliaBritainJapan
Pol. PluralismMod Pluralism
Two-partyPredominant Party
Structure of Competition: Mair
Eg Canada 1993
Eg UK 1983Electoral Change
Eg Ireland 1989+
Eg Australia 1993
Electoral Stability
Party ChangeParty Stability
Structure of Party Competition: Mair
Eg Netherland, Denmark
Eg UK, NZ, Japan, Mexico
Many partiesFew partiesParty access to govnt
UnpredictablePredictableInnovations in governing coalitions
PartialWholesale or Non-alteration
Alternation in govnt
OpenClosed
Implications for democratization?
Why are parties important?Effective electoral competitionCivil society - party democracyStable government and opposition
Party reformRole of electoral system –rules of the game Role of legal system + national constitutionParty rules and party constitution
3. Projects: Strategy reportsCore problem Part IStrategy –
Identify limited range of major optionsEvaluate priorities
• Advantages -• Disadvantages -• Indicate range of uncertainties - minimize
Stepped planning (if,then/if,then)Time-line –short-term plan, long-term planDecision tree, model, figures
Recommended