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Part I: Gene Transfer Transduction ,Transfection and Transformati
on• Transduction-transfer of bacterial gene from one ba
cterium to another by a bacteriophage.
• Transfection-the uptake of DNA by a eukaryotic cell, followed by the incorporation of genetic markers present in the DNA into the cell’s genome.
• Transformation-genetic alteration of an organism brought about by the incorporation of foreign DNA in to cells.
Streptococcus pneumoniae stains
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Transformation in
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
CaCl2 induced transformation
Phage DNA and Packaging
Microinjection of a Protoplast-derived Potato Cells
Photograph of Microinjection
Biolistic Apparatus—Gene Gun
Structure of Gene Gun
Part II: Selection, screening and analysis of recombinants
• Selection: some sort of pressure (e.g. the pressure of an antibiotic) is applied during the growth of host cells containing recombinant DNA.
• Screening is a procedure by which a population of viable cells is subjected to some sort of analysis that enable the desired sequences to be identified.
Insertion inactivation selection in plasmid pBR322
Insertion inactivation
Antibiotic resistance and insertion inactivation
Iodine analysis of ampicillin resistant insertional inactivation
Clone and selection of lacY gene
Formation of R-loop structure
Antibiotics resistance selection and genetic complementation
Insertion inactivation
selection in plasmid
pUC18
Insertion inactivation in the αcomplementation system
Structure of X-gal
Different colonies in the use of X-gal
Insertion inactivation in vector λgt10 and Charon 16A
Insertion inactivation in vector λgt10
Charon Recombinant Packaging and Selection
Spi Selection system for Bacteriophage vector EMBL4
Colonies of E. coli
Bacteriophage plaques
Map of the yeast artificial chromosome vector pYAC2
Cloning in a YAC Vector
CPSF 基因在真核表达载体上的克隆
研究表明 , 至少 6 种蛋白复合体参与前体 mRNA3’ 端加工• 即切割与多聚腺嘌呤化特异性因子 (cleavage and polyadenylation s
pecificity factor,CPSF)• poly(A) 多聚酶 (poly(A) polymerase,PAP)• 切割刺激因子( cleavage stimulation factor,CstF )• 切割因子 I 和 II (cleavage factor I and II, CF Im and CF IIm) • 核内多聚腺苷酸结合蛋白 1 ( polyadenylate binding-protein nuclear
1 ,PABPN1 )。 其中, CPSF 被认为在前体 mRNA3’ 端加工过程中起着核心作用,
直接与切割 / 多聚腺苷酸化信号 AAUAAA 结合,且与此序列一样,它在两个亚反应中都是必需的。
切割和多聚腺苷酸化信号示意图
C 末端与 N 末端 TAP-tag
Tandem Affinity Purification , TAP
TAP 技术纯化蛋白质复合体流程示意图
切割复合体模型
多聚腺嘌呤化复合体模型
载体 pTRE2hyg 的形体结构和多克隆位点
载体 pTRE2hyg 的形体结构和多克隆位点图
载体 pTRE2hyg-TAP-tag 的形体结构和多克隆位点图
载体 pTRE2hyg-TAP-tag-CPSF 30K 的形体结构和多克隆位点
载体 pTRE2hyg-TAP-tag-CPSF 73K 的形体结构和多克隆位点
载体 pTRE2hyg-TAP-tag-CPSF 100K 的形体结构和多克隆位点
载体 pTRE2hyg-TAP-tag-CPSF 160K
的形体结构和多克隆位点图
质粒 pBS1761 的形体结构图
质粒 pUK 的形体结构图
TAP-tag 片段的 PCR 扩增
• Primer1 : 5’ CGG GAT CCA TGG BamHI 切点
CAG GCC TTG CGC AAC 3’
• Primer2 : 5’ GTC GAC GGC TAG NheI 切点
CTT ATC GTC ATC ATC AAG TGC3’
CPSF 基因的 PCR 扩增
• CPSF 30k Primer1 : 5’GCT AGC CAT GCA GGA AAT CAT CGC C3’ NheI 切点• CPSF 73k Primer1 : 5’GCT AGC CAT GTC CGC GAT TCC CGC3’ NheI 切点• CPSF 100k Primer1 :5’GCT AGC CAT GAC ATC TAT TAT CAA ATT AAC TA3’ • NheI 切点• CPSF 160k Primer1 :5’GCT AGC CAT GTA CGC TGT GTA CAA GCA3’ NheI 切点
四种 CPSF 基因通用 Primer2 :
• 5’AAG CTT GCG GCC GCT TCG GGC TTT GTT AGC AGC3’
• 四种 CPSF 基因的 Primer1 以其对应的基因 5’ 端序列为基准进行设计的,而通用Primer2 是以 CPSF 基因下游的 pUK 载体序列为基准进行设计的。
Eukaryotic Expression Vector and Restriction Enzyme Digestion
Screening clone banks by nucleic acid hybridisation
Screening plaques at high and low densities
Immunological Screening for Expressed Genes
Hybrid arrest and hybrid release translation to identify the protein product of a cloned
fragment
Blotting apparatus
Southern Blotting
Nobel Prize 2006
Andrew Fire Craig Mello
RNAi (RNA interference)- 一些小的双链 RNA 可以高效、特异的阻断体内特定基因表达,促 使 mRNA 降解,诱使
细胞表现出特定基因缺失的表型,称为 RNA 干扰
诺贝尔奖评审委员会评语: 他们的发现能够解释许多令人困惑、相互矛
盾的实验观察结果,并揭示了控制遗传信息流动的自然机制。这开启了一个全新的研究领域,未来这种技术能用来直接从源头上让致病基因“沉默”,更有效的治疗癌症甚至艾滋病,在农业上也将大有可为。
Gene Transfer for Chalone Synthetase (cosuppression),1990
1995, Guo’s experiment Antisense RNA
Caenorhabditis elegans
par-1 gene sense RNA,
blocking gene expression
1998, Andrew Fire and Craig Mello
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• RNA: dsRNA
• Result: degradation of mRNA
• Process:
RISC: RNA-induced
silencing complex
RNA 沉默机制
• RNA 沉默机制
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