Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic Relation

Paradigmatic and SyntagmaticParadigmatic and Syntagmatic

Meaning in text is created in the relation Meaning in text is created in the relation of paradigmatic elements and of paradigmatic elements and syntagmatic order. syntagmatic order.

Paradigmatic is selective in nature Paradigmatic is selective in nature represented in system network of vertical represented in system network of vertical relations—’is a kind of’ relation, systemrelations—’is a kind of’ relation, system

Syntagmatic is combinative in nature Syntagmatic is combinative in nature represented in horizontal order—’is a part represented in horizontal order—’is a part of’, structureof’, structure

System Network of ProcessSystem Network of Process

Process

primary

secondary

material

mental

relational

behavioural

verbal

existential

go, do, walk…

know, like, see, want…

BE, become, have, seem…

sleep. smile, die, bow…

say, tel, ask, order…

there+BE, come, lie, go…

Delicacy

System Network of CicumstanceSystem Network of Cicumstance

Circumstance

Delicacy

locationspatial

temporal

extent

manner

cause

contingency

role

matter

accompaniment

angle

System Network of Speech FunctionSystem Network of Speech Function

SPEECHFUNCTION

ROLES

COMMODITY

Giving

Demanding

Information

Goods & Services

Statement

Question

Offer

Command

Suggestion

System Network of MoodSystem Network of Mood

clause

STATUS

major

minor

+Predicator

MOODTYPE

indicative

imperative

+ MooD(+Finite+ Subject)

INDICATIVETYPE Declarative

Subject Λ Finite

interrogative

INERROGATIVETYPE

yes/noFinite Λ Subject

WH-+WhWh Λ Finite

Delicacy

Cline of InstantiationCline of Instantiationcontext of situation

text

instance

context of culture

system (of language)

repertoir of register –text type

Institution—situation type

potential

subpotential—instance type

System and StructureSystem and Structure

System is paradigmatic in nature System is paradigmatic in nature represented in system networkrepresented in system network

Structure is syntagmatic in nature Structure is syntagmatic in nature represented in order (structure and represented in order (structure and collocation)collocation)

Text is the product or instance of system Text is the product or instance of system networknetwork

Realization is inter-stratal relationRealization is inter-stratal relation

Plane of Content and ExpressionPlane of Content and Expression

The protolanguage microfunction or proto-The protolanguage microfunction or proto-microfunction is the plane of content or microfunction is the plane of content or meaning plane. They are elastic like meaning plane. They are elastic like rubber and are potential for development. rubber and are potential for development. The proto-microfunction is coded by The proto-microfunction is coded by phonetic/kinetic interface such as v.h.p.s phonetic/kinetic interface such as v.h.p.s (very high-pitched squeak [do…do ])(very high-pitched squeak [do…do ])

Proto-microfunction

Phonetic/kinetic representation

SemogenesisSemogenesis

The protolinguistic redundancy evolves to The protolinguistic redundancy evolves to metaredundancy of the adult language.metaredundancy of the adult language.

The protolanguage: bi-stratal evolves to tri-The protolanguage: bi-stratal evolves to tri-stratal (potentially n-strata). Evolution of stratal (potentially n-strata). Evolution of language or semohistory coverslanguage or semohistory covers

1.1. Phylogenetics (how meaning evolve in the Phylogenetics (how meaning evolve in the system)system)

2.2. Ontogenetics (how it develop in individuals)Ontogenetics (how it develop in individuals)

3.3. Logogenetics (how it unfolds in text)Logogenetics (how it unfolds in text)

Bi-and Tri-StratalBi-and Tri-Stratal

Content Plane(Semantics) Expression Plane

(phonetic/kinetic coding)

Semantics Lexicogrammar Phonology

MetaredundancyMetaredundancy

a b c

s t u

p q r

l m n

Metaredundancy (cont)Metaredundancy (cont)

General semiotics: General semiotics: bi-stratalbi-stratal

Language semiotics: tristratal — Language semiotics: tristratal — p q rp q r redoundsredounds not with not with l m nl m n but with the but with the redundancy of redundancy of l m nl m n with with a b c. a b c. (semantics-lexicogrammar-(semantics-lexicogrammar-phonology)phonology)

p q r (l m n a b c)p q r (l m n a b c)

s t u (p q r (l m n a b c))s t u (p q r (l m n a b c))

SEMIOTICS OF SEMIOTICS OF BUNGABUNGA

<bunga>[bµŋµŋΛΛ]]

anak gadis

sastra

Language and Social ContextLanguage and Social Context

GENRE

REGISTER

TEXT

IDEOLOGY

Metaredundancy (cont)Metaredundancy (cont)

((((p q rp q r l m nl m n)) a b c a b c

((s t u (p q rs t u (p q r (l m n a b c)))(l m n a b c)))

Ideology (Ideology (Genre (Register (Semantics Genre (Register (Semantics (Lex.Grammar Phonology)))(Lex.Grammar Phonology)))))

((((((((Ideology Ideology GenreGenre)) Register Register)) Semantics) Semantics) Lex.Grammar) PhonologyLex.Grammar) Phonology

Realization and InstantiationRealization and Instantiation

Realization: Realization: interstratalinterstratalInstantiation: intrastratalInstantiation: intrastratal

Realization: Field IdeationalRealization: Field Ideational

Instantiation: Declarative Instantiation: Declarative I went to theI went to the library.library.Realization of meaning is not biunique Realization of meaning is not biunique

rather one to manyrather one to many

System NetworkSystem Network

1.1.

2. 2.

a

b

xa or b

a

b

x

yp

q

A

ap

aq

bp

bq

Realization and InstantiationRealization and Instantiation

Field (Science)Field (Science)

TaxisParatactic

Hypotactic

LogicosemanticRelation

Expansion

Elaboration =

Extension +

Enhancement X

ProjectionLocution “

Idea ‘

X

Logical Function

Realization and Instantiation (cont)Realization and Instantiation (cont)

X X

1.The rails extends because they are

heated by the sun beam

2. Iron, copper, zinc, water and other

metals are called conductor because

they pass on electric current.

SPEECH FUNCTIONSSPEECH FUNCTIONS

SPEECHFUNCTION

ROLES

COMMODITY

Giving

Demanding

Information

Goods & Services

Statement

Question

Offer

Command

Suggestion

KnowledgeKnowledge

ConstructivismConstructivism

Knowledge: number of links between Knowledge: number of links between ‘meaning’ and expression‘meaning’ and expression

Hydrogen monoxideHydrogen monoxide

1. Dapat membuat kematian jika tertelan2. Dapat membakar kulit dalam bentuk gas3. Menjadi unsur utama hujan asam4. Dapat merusak rem mobil5. Dapat membuat orang muntah

Paradigmatic and SyntagmaticParadigmatic and Syntagmatic

Meaning in text is created in the relation Meaning in text is created in the relation of paradigmatic elements and of paradigmatic elements and syntagmatic order. syntagmatic order.

Paradigmatic is selective in nature Paradigmatic is selective in nature represented in system network of vertical represented in system network of vertical relations—’is a kind of’ relation, systemrelations—’is a kind of’ relation, system

Syntagmatic is combinative in nature Syntagmatic is combinative in nature represented in horizontal order—’is a part represented in horizontal order—’is a part of’, structureof’, structure

Metaphor and MetonymyMetaphor and MetonymyRelation between ‘meaning’ and Relation between ‘meaning’ and expression is incongruently coded in expression is incongruently coded in metaphor or metonymy. metaphor or metonymy.

Metaphor: relocation, displacement, Metaphor: relocation, displacement, comparisoncomparison

Metonymy: part-whole relationMetonymy: part-whole relation

System NetworkSystem Network

clause

STATUS

major

minor

+Predicator

MOODTYPE

indicative

imperative

+ MooD(+Finite+ Subject)

INDICATIVETYPE Declarative

Subject Λ Finite

interrogative

INERROGATIVETYPE

yes/noFinite Λ Subject

WH-+WhWh Λ Finite

Delicacy

Cline of InstantiationCline of Instantiationcontext of situation

text

instance

context of culture

system (of language)

repertoir of register –text type

Institution—situation type

potential

subpotential—instance type