Paediatric Orthopaedic

PAEDIATRIC ORTHOPAEDIC

Farah Adibah Kasmin2008402312

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)

Formerly known as congenital dislocation of the hip Comprise a spectrum of disorder:

1. Dislocation during neonatal period2. Subluxation or partial displacement3. Shallow acetabulum without actual displacement

5-20 per 1000 live births Re-examination 3 weeks after birth , the incidence :

1-2 per 1000 infants Girls>boys, 7:1 Left hip> right hip 1:5 cases - bilateral

Aetiology

• Generalized joint laxity• Shallow acetabulaGenetic• High level of maternal estrogen,

progesterone and relaxin in the last few weeks of pregnancy aggravate ligamentous laxity in infant

Hormonal changes

• esp. breech position with extended legs -> dislocation

Intrauterine malposition

• Who swaddle their babies & carry them with fully extended hips n knees > compare to person who carry babies astride their backs with hips abducted

Postnatal factors

Clinical Features

In the neonate: Every newborn child should be

examine for sign of hip instability esp:- FHx of congenital hip instability, breech presentation

Special tests: Ortolani’s test Barlow’s test

Late features: Asymmetry, a clicking hip or difficulty in

applying napkin Unilateral dislocation- skin creases look

asymmetrical, short leg, internally rotated Bilateral dislocation- wide perineal gap,

abduction is limited Walking is delayed Gait: limp or Trendelanburg gait

hip dislocation Hilgenreiner's line  

horizontal line through right and left triradiate cartilage

femoral head ossification should be inferior to this line

Perkin's line   line perpendicular

line to Hilgenreiner's through point at lateral margin of acetabulum

femoral head ossification should be medial to this line

Shenton's line  arc along inferior

border of femoral neck and inferior edge of superior pubic ramus

arc line should be continuous

hip dyplasia acetabular index  - angle

formed by a line drawn from point on triradiate cartilage to point on lateral margin of acetabulum (normal is < 30 deg.)

Von Rosen’s lines- the hip abducted 45degree.The femoral shaft should pointed into acetabula

Plain X rays

Normal Dislocated hip

Treatment:

The first 3-6 month of age Double napkin or an abduction pillow for 1st

6weeks Re-examined Persistent instability abduction splintage

until hip is stable Follow up- until the child walking

Splintage: - hold the hip 100 degree flexed and abducted- allow some movement in the splint

Persistent dislocation: 6month to 6 years Closed reduction Splintage Open reduction

After the age 6 yearsUnilateral dislocation- operative

reductionBilateral dislocation- Symmetrical, less

notifiable- Greater risk for surgical intervention- avoid operation unless pain and deformity is unusually severe

Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis(SUFE)

Displacement of the proximal femoral epiphysis aka epiphysiolysis Most common hip pain in adolescence M > F->3:2 M: 12 - 16 y/o, F: 10 - 15 y/o Bilateral: 17 – 50% of cases

Epidemiology

Risk factors include:ObesityHx of radiation therapy to femoral

head regionEndocrine disorders (e.g.

hypothyroidism and osteodystrophy of chronic renal failure)

Positive family history of SUFE/SCFE (autosomal dominant)

African American

Clinical presentation

1. History:

Pain - Hip or groin pain (most common)- Reffered pain: ant part of thigh and

knee Limp

2. Physical examination

Trendelenburg gait Leg is externally rotated 1-2cm short Limitation of abduction and internal rotation

SUFE Grading

Management

Non weight bearing and rest

Surgical: Percutaneous in-situ stabilization/fixation

Complications

Avascular necrosis of femoral head (10-15%) Acute cartilage necrosis/chondrolysis (7-10%) Deformity Secondary osteoarthritis (~90%) Slip progression (1-2% of single screw fixation) Hip stiffness

Perthes’ Disease

Painful hip disorder of childhood characterized by necrosis of the femoral head 

Incidence: 1 in 10 000 Boys>girls , 4x as often as girls Usually 4-8 years old

Femoral head supplied by:•Mataphyseal vessels•Lateral epiphyseal vessels•Scanty vessels

Pathology:

Stage 1 •Bone death•Part of the bony femoral head dies, stop enlarge

Stage 2 •Revascularization and repair•New blood vessel enter the necrotic area and new bone is laid down on the dead trabeculae

Stage 3•Distortion and remodelling•Epiphysis is damaged and the growth at the head and neck will be distorted•Epiphysis ends up flattened (‘coxa plana’) but enlarged (‘coxa magna’) •The femoral head is incompletely covered by the acetabulum.

Clinical features:

Complaint of pain and start to limp Little wasting of muscles in the upper

thigh Joint is irritable

All movements are diminished Extremely painful

The child is not seen till later Limited abduction and internal rotation

Investigation: X- ray

Earliest changes – increased density of the bony epiphysis and apparent widening of the joint space

Followed by - flattening, fragmentation and lateral displacement of the epiphysis, with rarefaction and broadening of the metaphysis.

Treatment:

Symptomatic tx: Pain control Gentle exercise to maintain movement

Containment Operative reconstruction

Irritable Hip

Transient synovitis is the most common cause of acute hip painaged 3-10 years. Boys >> GirlsThe disease causes arthralgia and arthritis secondary to a transient inflammation of the synovium of the hip.

Usually it is a diagnoses of exclusion, once trauma and infection are ruled out

Symptoms

- Most commonly: Unilateral hip or groin pain

- Limp.- 50% patient has

recent history of an URTI

- Usually afebrile or have a mildly elevated temperature.

- Very young children -> crying at night.

Signs-

-Hold the hip in flexion with slight abduction and external rotation.- mild restriction of abduction and internal rotation, but 1/3 demonstrate no limitation of motion.- The hip may be tender and painful even with passive movement.- The most sensitive test :the log roll

Investigatios Usually to rule out other diagnoses. WBC, ESR and CRP are usually elevated in septic

arthritis. XRay: can exclude bony lesions. Ultrasound- may show a joint effusion

Management Apply heat and massage .Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Advise bedrest until pain dissapear and the

effusion resolves