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POTENTIALS, APPLICATIONS & CHALLENGESCHALLENGES
OF GEOTHERMAL IN INDONESIA
by:y
eko agung bramantyoagungbram@pgeindonesia.com
Presented:
timbul h silitonga
PT PERTAMINA GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
timbul h. silitongathsilitonga@pgeindonesia.com
WHAT IS GEOTHERMAL ?
Geoscience & Reservoir
HOT WATER SYSTEMSurface A
Geothermal reservoir model
h (K
m)
BPointCurve
CAP A
CASTEAM
STEAM Dep
t
T (oC)100 200 300hot WATER
LiquidDIENG
AP
HOT WATERHEAT SOURCE
Km
)
BPointCurve
ACAP A
Surface A
B
C
Dep
th (K B
T (oC)100 200 300
Steam
KAMOJANGD
STEAM
PAVOUR SYSTEM
Reservoir dominasi airpanas ( T 260 – 280 C )Reser oir 2 phasa ( ap + airpanas) ( T 220 260 C)Reservoir 2-phasa (uap + airpanas) ( T 220 – 260 C)Reservoir dominasi uap ( T 200 – 240 C )
SUBSURFACE - GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SUBSURFACE - GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY
WELLS
RESERVOIR
WELLS
HEAT SOURCESource : GEOTHERMAL EDUCATION OFFICE
GEOTHERMAL POTENTIALSGEOTHERMAL POTENTIALS
Sumber gambar : GEOTHERMAL EDUCATION OFFICE - US
GEOTHERMAL AREA IN INDONESIA
TOTAL POTENTIAL 27 000 MWTOTAL POTENTIAL 27.000 MWUTILIZED 1194 MW (4,4%)
APPLICATION OF GEOTHERMALAPPLICATION OF GEOTHERMAL IN INDONESIA
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Eksploration Development Commenrcial
2 tahun 2-3 tahun 25-30 tahun
Wilayah Wilayah KerjaKerja PengusahaanPengusahaan Geothermal of Geothermal of PGE PGE
(C i A f PGE)(C i A f PGE)(Concession Area of PGE)(Concession Area of PGE)
7. Cibereum-Parabakti8. Pengalengan
1
2 14g g9. Kamojang-Darajat10. Karaha11. Dieng3
1415
11. Dieng12. Iyang-Argopuro13. Tabanan14 Lahendong
3
54
1. Sibayak-Sinabung2. Sibualbuali3. Sungaipenuh
14. Lahendong15. Kotamobagu6
78
10 11g p4. Hululais5. Lumut Balai6. Way Panas Ulubelu
8 9 1312
6. Way Panas Ulubelu
DIAGRAM “COST STRUCTURE”OF GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT CAPACITY 110 MW
Field Development = 0.8 M – 1 million US $/MW
POWER PLANT = 1 – 1.2 million US $/MW
Development Drilling
30%
Production Facilities
9%
( Prod. & reinject. Wells = 18 )( Prod. & reinject. Wells = 18 )
30%
Feasibility Study0% Power Plant
54%
Exploration Drilling
Exloration (Survey)1%
Drilling6%
Infrastructure of Field
(4 sumur eksplorsi)(4 sumur eksplorsi)))
1%Development, 2,38%
Direct use of Geothermal EnergyMushroom Plantation at Kamojang Cengkeh and Coconut Sugar Drying
at Lahendong
Plant Capacity• OWN OPERATION
– Kamojang• Unit-1 (30 MW), steam sales to IP• Unit-2 (55 MW), steam sales to IPUnit 2 (55 MW), steam sales to IP• Unit-3 (55 MW), steam sales to IP• Unit-4 (60 MW), steam sales to PLN
– Sibayak• Monoblok 2MW ex-Dieng, electrical sales to PLNMonoblok 2MW ex Dieng, electrical sales to PLN• Unit-1&2 (2x5 MW), electrical sales to Dizamatra
– Lahendong• Unit-1,2,3 (3x20 MW), steam sales to PLN
• KOB– Chevron Darajat
• Unit-1 (55 MW), steam sales to PLN• Unit-2 (70 MW), electrical sales to PLNUnit 2 (70 MW), electrical sales to PLN• Unit-3 (110 MW), electrical sales to PLN
– Chevron Gunung Salak• Unit-1,2,3 (3x50 MW), steam sales to IP• Unit-4,5,6 (3x50 MW), electrical sales to PLNUnit 4,5,6 (3x50 MW), electrical sales to PLN
– Star Energi Wayang Windu• Uniit 1,2 (2 x 110 MW), electrical sales to PLN
• PT GEODIPA ENERGI, JV (PT PERTAMINA dan PT PLN), ( )– Dieng
• Unit-1 (50 MW), electrical sales to PLN
UTILIZATION of GEOTHERMAL FOR ELECTRICITY
2500FUTURE
2000
1500
MW PGE
TOTAL1194 MW
1000
22.78%
0
500272 MW
0
YEAR
REGULATIONREGULATION
PERATURAN & PERUNDANGAN(Government Regulation)(Government Regulation)
• KEPPRES 22/1981 Pengusahaan Panasbumi di Indonesia oleh PertaminaKEPPRES 22/1981 Pengusahaan Panasbumi di Indonesia oleh Pertamina
• KEPPRES 45/1991 Pertamina dapat menjual listrik ke PLN/Bdan Usaha/koperasi
• KEPPRES 49/91 Setoran bagian Pemerintah (Pajak-pajak) sebesar 34%KEPPRES 49/91 Setoran bagian Pemerintah (Pajak pajak) sebesar 34%
• KEPPRES 76/2000 Pengusahaan Sumber Daya panasbumi untuk Pembangkitan Tenaga LIstrik
• KEPMEN ESDM 667/2002 Penugasan DitJen GSDM dan LPE dalam Pengusahaan Panasbumi untuk Pembangkitan Tenaga Listrik
• UU27/2003,Undang-undang Panasbumi
• Permen ESDM 14/2008 Harga Patokan Listrik Panasbumi
• Permen ESDM 02/2006 Harga Listrik Energi Terbarukan Skala Menengah
• PP 59/2007
• Permen ESDM 05/2009 Pedoman harga Pembelian Tenaga listrik oleh PT PLN oleh Koperasi atau Badan Usaha lainKoperasi atau Badan Usaha lain
BUSINESSBUSINESS
OPERATIONAL BUSINESS SCHEME
Develop and Operate
PERTAMINA OWNOR WITH ITS CONTRACTOR
Develop and Operate Steam Field PLN CONSUMERSS
TE
WITH ITS CONTRACTOR
OTHER COMPANY CONSUMERS
AM
Develop and Operate St Fi ld d
PERTAMINA OWNOR
Steam Field and Power Plant PLN CONSUMERSE
LECOR
WITH ITS CONTRACTOROTHER COMPANY CONSUMERS
CTRIC
TRANSACTION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY TYPE 1
STEAM FIELD POWER PLANT ELECTRICALTRANSMISSION
SELLING POINT
TYPE 1
TRANSMISSIONDeveloped and Operated by PGE (others)
Developed and Operated by PLN (others)
STEAM FIELD POWER PLANT ELECTRICALSELLING POINT
TYPE 2
STEAM FIELDTRANSMISSION
Developed and Operated by PGE (or and others)
Developed and Operated by PLN (others)
STEAM FIELD POWER PLANT ELECTRICAL
( )
SELLING POINTSELLING POINTTYPE 3
STEAM FIELD POWER PLANT ELECTRICALTRANSMISSION
Developed and Operated by PGE
Developed and Operated by other Developed and Operated by
PLNp ycompany PLN
Sumber Presentasi Dirut PLN, Bappenas Desember 2008
GEOTHERMAL AS A RENEWABLE ENERGY AND DIVERSIFICATION ENERGY FOR FOSIL ENERGYDIVERSIFICATION ENERGY FOR FOSIL ENERGY
SUBSTITUTION
OIL CONSUMPTION ENERGY TO OIL CONSUMPTION ENERGY TO GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION
OIL CONSUMPTION ENERGY TO OIL CONSUMPTION ENERGY TO GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION
COAL CONSUMPTION TO GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION
100 MWINSTALLED 4.250 100 MW 864INSTALLED CAPACITY
4.250 BOEPD OF OIL
INSTALLEDCAPACITY
864TONNE / DAY
OF COAL
ECONOMICSUBSITITUTION PRICE
TECHNOLOGYTREND OF PRICING DEPENDENCY RELATED TO INCREASING OIL AND GAS INTERNATIONAL MARKET (UNCERTAINTY)
THE INCREMENTAL OIL AND GAS INTERNATIONAL MARKET WHICH IS TRIGERRED TECHNOLOGY IN COAL/BIOFUEL PROCESSING
ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTALINTERNALIZED ENVIROMENTAL COST RELATED TO GAS EMMISION
Current State and Challenges
Is geothermal an expensive energy?If we consider the fuel export effect and the environmental cost, geothermal energy is notp , g gyexpensive energy for the society
Item Geothermal Hydro Coal Natural Gas
Oil (Diesel) Remarks
Selling Price (¢/kWh) 8 7 11 5 5 5 7 7 17 1 In case ofSelling Price (¢/kWh) 8.7 11.5 5.5 7.7 17.1 In case of IRR=18%
Loss of fuel export opportunity cost
(¢/kWh) - - 1.8 6.0 8.0 Oil 50$/BBL,Coal : 35 US $ /t35 US $ /ton, LNG 8.6U$/MMBTU
Environmental cost (¢/kWh) 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.9 1.6
(Sulfur dioxide) (¢/kWh) (0.01) (0.00) (0.33) (0.01) (0.38) from table below(Nitrongen oxide)(Carbon dioxide)
(¢/kWh)(¢/kWh)
(0.00)(0.02)
(0.00)(0.01)
(0.49)(0.98)
(0.34)(0.52)
(0.45)(0.74)
dittoditto
Total (¢/kWh) 8.7 11.5 9.1 14.6 26.7Total (¢/kWh) 8.7 11.5 9.1 14.6 26.7
Emission of Pollutants Geothermal Hydro Coal Natural Gas
Oil (Diesel)
Price of Emission
Sulfur dioxide (lb/MWh) (*1) 0.35 0.00 10.39 0.22 12.00 ‘@ 700$/ton (*4)
Nitrogen oxide (lb/MWh) (*2) 0.00 0.00 4.31 2.96 4.00 ‘@ 2,500$/ton (*4)
Carbon dioxide (kg/MWh) (*3) 15 11 975 519 742 ‘@ 10$/ton(Source)( )*1 A Guide to Geothermal and the Environmental: Geothermal Energy Association USA (2005) See Fig.1.6)*2 A Guide to Geothermal and the Environmental: Geothermal Energy Association USA (2005) See Fig.1.7)*3 Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan CRIEPI Review No. 45,2001 Nov) (See Fig 1.8)*4 US Emission Market 2006, April
(Source : JICA Geoth.Dev. Masterplan Team, Feb 2007
ENERGY REFORMATIONENERGY REFORMATION
Decreasing of Oil and gas ResourcesDependency of crude oil for energy Broker ActionDependency of crude oil for energyconsumptionCoordination Controling of EnergyConsumption
i i f i f d il
ExportImportTransportation/TankerInsurance
ENERGY CRISISENERGY CRISIS(Oil and Gas)(Oil and Gas)
Apreciation for using of non crude oilconsumption
FiscalBusiness
Insurance
Price DiparsitySensitive Smuggling
Non oil and gas Energy ResourcesSurroundingMarketNon oil and gas Energy Resources
CoalNuclearGEOTHERMAL
Market (consumer)Added Value
EconomicalAccupation
UtilizingUtilizingGEOTHERMAL
popportunityPartisipationTogetherness/ Justice
KEN (PP No. 3/2005; PP No. 5/2006) : UTILIZING OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY~ 5 % ENERGY MIX ON 2025
Geothermal Energy Vs Fuels + Coal
Geothermal, water, solar & windClean Energy – Environment
(renewable energy)
Crude oil, gas & Batubara (un-renewablet energy) geothermal
Perbandingan penggunaan energi :Perbandingan penggunaan energi : RENEWABLE Vs UNRENEWABLE source : GEOTHERMAL EDUCATION OFFICE
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY’S CONTRIBUTION
DIVERSIFICATION FUEL (CRUDE OIL) THRIFTY≈ 2 JUTA SBM PERTAHUN
DEMAND OF ELECTRICITYELECTRICITY
DEMAND OF ELECTRICITY BY INDUSTRY AND SOCIETY
DIRECT USE WATER HEATER(OFFICE & COMMUNITY)AGRI CULTUREMUSHROOM CULTIVATION, ETC
INFRA-STRUCTUREROAD, BRIDGETOURIST DESTINATIONEDUCATION
THANK YOU
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