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2017 Asia Forest Fire Management Training Seoul, Republic of Korea, 15-22 October 2017
Oyunsanaa ByambasurenUNISDR-Regional Central Asia Wildland Fire Network
Fire Management Resource Center – Central Asia Regionc/o National University of Mongolia
Prescribed Fire and Plans
Prescribed Fire Operations
Smoke Management
Contents
Introduction to Prescribed Fire
Prescribed Fire Introduction
Prescribed fire is fire that is planned and implemented to accomplish specific management goals
Wildfire is fire that is unwanted from human point of view
An “escaped fire” is a prescribed fire that is transitioning to a wildfire
The procedure of setting a prescribed fire is called PRESCRIBED BURNING, which helps reduce the catastrophic damage of wildfire on lands and surrounding settlements
Prescribed Fire: Getting Started
Where to begin?! Fire can be a scary thing!- First, think about what the prescribed fire is intended to do: most
problems arise from poor planning
Prescribed Fire: Getting Started
Where to begin?! Fire can be a scary thing!- First, think about what the prescribed fire is intended to do: most
problems arise from poor planning
- Start small!
Prescribed Fire: Getting Started
Where to begin?! Fire can be a scary thing!- First, think about what the prescribed fire is intended to do: most
problems arise from poor planning
- Start small!
Prescribed Fire: Getting Started
The question of liability – it can be mitigated by appropriate planning and timing
- For most burns with legitimate objectives, typical insurance policies should be in effect (make sure!)
- Check a local laws and regulations – they can vary by country and locally specific
Prescribed Fire: Getting Started
Understand your local jurisdiction and laws – who is in charge?
- State, province, district, village, etc.
Understand what factors may make a particular day better or worse for burning
Always coordinate with emergency response authorities!
Prescribed Fire: Planning
Most important part of a prescribed fire:- Prescribed Burn Plan
The Prescribed Burn Plan includes plan-of-action for all component of fire:
Objectives Acceptable Conditions Strategy and Tactics Communications Maps / Topography
Organization Equipment / Resources Ignition and Mop-up Smoke Management Contingencies
Prescribed Fire: Burn Plan
Consider about:
What are my objectives for starting this fire?Can I justify this action?
Wildlife habitat management Fuels management Vegetation revitalisation Improvement of site condition /forage growth/ Training
Other purpose
Prescribed Fire: Burn Plan
Objectives (for example, in habitat management):
What effects are sought with this burn?
Habitat effects: whole site or patchy matrix
Timing of fire influences plant community that regenerates
Ecosystem may require fire in order to regenerate
Prescribed Fire: Burn Plan
More examples of habitat management objectives:
Increase vigor of a native vegetation, reduce other unwanted vegetation dominance
Spring or early growing season burn is most appropriate
Prescribed Fire: Burn Plan
More examples of habitat management objectives:
Reduce grass dominance, enhance forbs and other plants
Late growing season or even autumn burn tends to promote forbs over grasses (many forbs will be in dormant while grasses may still be storing root reserves)
Prescribed Fire: Burn Plan
More examples of habitat management objectives:
Reduce woody or tree cover
Needs to consider more severe conditions to get enough scorch to kill tree
Prescribed Fire: Burn Plan
How severe a fire is needed to accomplish the desired objectives?
Fire intensity, heat release, temperature, completeness of burn
Prescribed Fire: Burn Plan
How severe a fire is needed to accomplish the desired objectives?
Complete like this…
Prescribed Fire: Burn Plan
What conditions are needed to accomplish the goals of a prescribed fires?
Weather conditions (Temp, Wind, RH, Cloud Cover, Approaching fronts)
Temperature – Fire behavior and fuel conditions are most unpredictable when temperatures are rising during morning hoursWind – “fires” behave in a more predictable manner if some wind movement is present Relative humidity – an expression of the actual amount of moisture in the air compared to the total amount the air is capable of holding at that temperature and pressure
Prescribed Fire: Burn Plan
Adjust your prescription to suit your goals:
Woodland fire may be slower (creeping), wetter, produces more smoke Require more wind, perhaps lower RH, more sun for burn day
Grassland fire can be very fast moving; fuel dries quickly, and more difficult to control
It requires less wind to move fire, burn with higher RH (at least 50%)
Prescribed Fire: Burn Plan
Fuel Conditions (1h, 10h, 100h, 1000hr)
1 hour fuels – grass, leaves sticks 10 hour fuels – bigger sticks 100 hours fuels small logs 1000 hour fuels – big logs
Slope – fire travels fast uphill, more slowly downhill Fire breaks – natural or created Topographic features – Aspect, Exposure, Connectivity of fuels, and breaks in terrain
Prescribed Fire: Burn Plan
What type of equipment and how many personnel are needed to conduct the fire?
Engines, hand tools
Personnel and training: level of experience based on complexity / risk of burn
Burn boss, Burning specialist etc.
Prescribed Fire: Burn Plan
Know some tools for the burn and dress appropriately!
Basic gear for burning – clothing:
Natural fibre clothes (normal jeans, cotton shorts, leather boots and gloves, helmet)
Preferred gear for burning – clothing: Nomex cotton pants, helmet, leather boots, gloves, eye and hearing protection, fire shlter..
Prescribed Fire: Burn Plan
Know some tools and dress appropriately!
Basic tools for burning:
Brush rake, shovel, backpack, water pump, drip torch, etc.
(More details on the clothing will be presented by other instructors!)
Prescribed Fire: Burn Plan
How will the fire be conducted? (Strategy and Tactics)
Who needs to be notified of the prescribed fire? How will crew stay in communication?What is the firing plan – sequence of ignition
Brush rake, shovel, backpack, water pump, drip torch, etc.
(More details on the TOOLS will be presented by other instructors!)
Prescribed Fire Operations
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
The fire triangle
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.1.2 Convection
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.1.3 Convection
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.1.4 Conduction
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.1.5 The fire environment
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.1.6 Fuel classes
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.1.7 Relative humidity level/fire intensity
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.1.8 Effect of wind on wildfire
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.1.9 Effect of a wind change on a fire
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.2.1 Upslope effect on fire behaviour
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.2.2 Downslope effect on fire behaviour
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.2.3 Effect of aspect on fire behaviour
HotCool
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.2.4 Lee slope turbulence
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.2.8 Fire shape with little to no influence of wind or slope
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.2.9 a Fire shape with moderate wind and/or slope influence
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
Wind
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.2.9 b Fire shape with strong wind and/or slope influence
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.3.1 Four different smoke columns
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.4.1 Direct attack (flanking)
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.4.2 Parallel attack
Prescribed Fire OperationsUnit EF2: Techniques and tactics
2.4.3 Indirect attack
Smoke Management
Smoke Management
Smoke is problematic in several ways:
Releases greenhouse gases (e.g., CO2) Releases gases harmful to human and animal health (e.g., CO) Releases particulate matter (visibility and health, e.g., traffic accident, asthma)
Smoke Management
Mitigation
Manage potential smoke problems by adjusting plan prescriptions
Reduce smoke by altering firing techniques – different types of fire produces different types of smoke: examples?
Consider wind direction, dispersion characteristics, mixing heights, fuel moistures
2017 Asia Forest Fire Management Training Seoul, Republic of Korea, 15-22 October 2017
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