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OXYGENATION
Nelia B. Perez RN MSN
PCU – Graduate School of Nursing
Respiratory
I. Review of Respiratory SystemII. Common ManifestationsIII. Diagnostic Tests/ ProceduresIV. Common Pharmacologic AgentsV. Disturbances
a. Restrictive Lung Diseaseb. COPD/ CALc. Pulmonary Vascular Disease
Restrictive:AtelectasisTuberculosisPneumonia
COPD:AsthmaEmphysemaChronic Bronchitis
Pulmonary Vascular Disease:
Cor Pulmonale
Pulmonary Embolism
Hematopoietic
I. Review of the Hematopoietic SystemII. Disturbances
a. Anemiab. Polycythemia Verac. Bleeding Tendencies
- DIC- Hemophilia- Thrombocytopenia
Cardiovascular
I. Review of the Cardiovascular SystemII. Common Diagnostic Tests/ ProceduresIII. Disturbances
a. Infection - Rheumatic Heart Disease
b. Coronary Artery Disease- Atherosclerosis- Arteriosclerosis
- Angina Pectoris
- Myocardial Infarction
IV. Congestive Heart Failure
- Right Sided Heart Failure
- Left Sided Heart Failure
V. Congenital Heart Defects
- Cyanotic Heart Defects
- Acyanotic Heart Defects
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Measures That Promotes Adequate Respiratory Functions:
1. Adequate OXYGEN supply from the environment.
2. Deep breathing and coughing exercises.
3. Proper positioning
4. Patent airway (FEMS)
5. Adequate hydration
6. Avoid pollutants, alcohol and smoking.
7. Chest Physiotherapy (CPT)
* Percussion
* Vibration
* Postural Drainage
8. Bronchial Hygiene Measures
* Steam Inhalation
* Suctioning
- Oropharyngeal
- Nasopharyngeal
Things to Remember:SUCTIONING
Assess: AUDIBLE SECRETIONS during respiration
Position:
Conscious: SEMI-FOWLER’s POSITION
Unconscious: LATERAL POSITION
Pressure:
Wall Unit:
Adult: 100-120mmHg
Child: 95-110mmHg
Infant: 50-95mmHg
Portable Unit:
Adult: 10-15mmHg
Child: 5-10mmHg
Infant: 2-5mmHg
Appropriate Size of Catheter:
Adult: Fr. 12-18
Child: Fr. 8-10
Infant: Fr. 5-8
Lubricate Catheter:
Nasopharyngeal: water-soluble lubricant
Oropharyngeal: Sterile water or NSS
• Apply suction during withdrawal of the suction catheter (NEVER during insertion)
• Apply suction for 5 to 10 seconds (maximum of 15 seconds)
• Allow 20-30 seconds interval between each suction and limit suction to 5 minutes in total
• Encourage patient to breathe deeply and to cough between suctions.
• Assess effectiveness of suctioning
9. Incentive Spirometry - done to enhance deep inspiration
10. Administration of supplemental oxygen
Signs of Hypoxemia
1. Increased pulse rate
2. Rapid, shallow respiration
3. Increased restlessness
4. Flaring of nares
5. Substernal or intercostal retractions
6. Cyanosis
OXYGEN SYSTEMS:1. Low-flow Administration Devices
a. Nasal Cannula (24-45% at 2-6LPM)b. Simple Face Mask (40-60% at 5-8LPM)c. Partial Rebreathing Mask
(60-90% at 6-10LPM)d. Non-rebreathing Mask
(95-100% at 6-15LPM)e. Oxygen Tent
2. High flow Administration Devices
a. Venturi Mask
b. Oxygen Hood
c. Incubator / Isolette
Common Manifestations:1. Cough
- the cardinal symptom of respiratory problem
2. Dyspnea- refers to difficulty on breathing
* EXERTIONAL DYSPNEA* PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL * ORTHOPNEA
3. Clinical Signs of HypoxiaEARLY SIGNS
Tachycardia
Kussmaul’s Respiration
N/V
Headache
Irritability
Memory loss
Dizziness
LATE SIGNS
Bradycardia
Dyspnea
Decreased Systolic BP
Cough
Increased RBC
Increased Hgb
Clubbing of fingers
4. Clubbing of Fingers
5. Hemoptysis
6. Chestpain
7. Headache
8. Easy fatigability
9. Cyanosis
10. Skin flushing
11. Seizures
12. Altered level of consciousness
Common Pharmacologic Agents1. Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) Agents
2. Bronchodilators
3. Antibacterial
4. Corticosteroids
5. Antihistamine
6. Mucolytic, Antitussive and Expectorant
Common Procedures/ Tests1. Abdominal Thrust (Heimlich Maneuver)
- a short, abrupt pressure against the abdomen, two fingerbreadths above the umbilicus, to raise the intrathoracic pressure.
PARTIAL: Noisy respiration, repeated coughing
TOTAL: Cessation of breathing, inability to speak
2. Radiographic Scanning Test (X-RAY)
3. Endoscopy (Bronchoscopy)
4. Chest Physiotherapy
5. Suctioning of Airway
6. Tracheostomy care
7. Pulmonary Function Test
- Incentive Spirometry
*Tidal Volume (500ml)
* Residual Volume (1200ml)
* Expiratory Reserve Volume (1000-1200ml)
* Inspiratory Reserve Volume (3000-3300ml)
8. Pulse Oximetry
9. Sputum Exam
10. Oxygen Therapy
11. Thoracentesis
12. Chest Tube (T-Tube)
- to drain air : 2nd or 3rd ICS
- to drain blood/ fluid: 8th or 9th ICS
13. Pulmonary Angiogram
TUBERCULOSIS
PNEUMONIA
EMPHYSEMA
BRONCHITIS
ASTHMA
Coronary Artery Diseases (CAD)1. Atherosclerosis
- an abnormal accumulation of lipid, or fatty, substances and fibrous tissues in the vessel wall
2. Arteriosclerosis
- refers to hardening of the vessel walls
Risk Factors for CADNonmodifiable Risk Factors
Family History of CAD
Increasing Age
Gender
Race
Modifiable Risk Factors
High Blood pressure
Cigarette smoking
High Blood cholesterol levels
Diabetes Mellitus
Lack of estrogen in women
Physical inactivity
Obesity
Controlling CholesterolNormal Total Serum Cholesterol =
150-240mg/dl
HDL = 29-77mg/dl
LDL= 60-160mg/dl
Triglycerides= 10-190mg/dl
Desired levels of LDL?< 160mg/dl for patients with one or no risk
factors
<130mg/dl for patients with two or more risk factors
<100mg/dl for patients with CAD
Angina PectorisClassifications of Angina
Class Activity Evoking Limits to Activity
I Prolonged exertion None
II Walking >2 blocks Slight
III Walking <2 blocks Marked
IV Minimal or Rest Severe
Types of Angina Pectoris1. Stable Angina
2. Unstable Angina
3. Intractable Angina/ Refractory Angina
4. Variant Angina
5. Silent Angina
Myocardial InfarctionCardiac Enzymes
CPK
Normal: Male: 5-35; Female: 5-25
Rises: 4-8 hours
Peak: ½ to 1 ½ days
Returns to Normal: 3-4 days
LDHNormal: 100-190IU/LRises: 12-24 hoursPeak: 2-6 days
Trop-TNormal: NEGATIVERises: immediatePeak: 4-24 hoursReturns to Normal: 1-3 weeks
Management:
M - morphine SO4 for pain
O - Oxygen
A – Aspirin/ ACE inhibitors (captopril)
N – Nitroglycerin
S – streptokinase ( thrombolytics )
– should be given in 6 hrs but better if in 3 hrs
Congestive Heart FailureClassifications:
CLASSIFICATION I
Ordinary physical activity does not cause fatigue, dyspnea, palpitations or chestpain
ASYMPTOMATIC
PROGNOSIS: Good
CLASSIFICATION II
Slight limitations on ADL’s
Patient reports no symptoms at rest but increased physical activity will cause symptoms
PROGNOSIS: Good
CLASSIFICATION III
Marked limitation on ADL
Patient feels comfortable at rest but less than ordinary activity will cause symptoms
PROGNOSIS: Fair
CLASSIFICATION IV
Symptoms of Cardiac insufficiency at rest
PROGNOSIS: Poor
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