OVERVIEW STRUKTUR SEL, SISTEM TRAFFICKINGVirus ? •Macromolecular aggregat, inanimate particles...

OVERVIEW STRUKTUR SEL, SISTEM

ENDOMEMBRAN DAN MEMBRAN

TRAFFICKING

Materi Ajar Disusun Oleh Fenryco Pratama

Sel: karakteristik umum

• Metabolisme

• Reproduksi (growth)

• Diferensiasi

• communication

• Movement

• Evolution

(Madigan, 2006)

Virus ?

• Macromolecular aggregat, inanimate particles that, by themselvws, are unable to reproduce, metabolize, or carry on any of the other activities associated with life (Karp, 2005)

http://www.flickr.com/photos/pingnews/43

4420191/

Viroid dan prion

http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v7/n6/fig_tab/7400706_f1.html

http://biomedme.com/general/beneficial-role-of-prions-in-brain-

function_6411.html

Sel: Eukaryotik dan Prokaryotik

Feature umum/kesamaan

• plasma membrane

• Informasi genetik; DNA

• Mekanisme transkripsi, translasi, ribosom

• Jalur metabolisme; glikolisis, TCA cycle

• Similar mechanism of photosynthesis

• Similar mechanism for synthesizing and inserting membrane protein

• Kesamaan proteosome Karp, 2005

http://www.nature.com/leu/journal/v20/n9/fig_tab/2404319f2.html

Sel: Eukaryotik dan Prokaryotik

Perbedaan • Nuclear envelope • Kompleks kromosom • Kehadiran membranous cytoplasmic organelles • Mitokondria dan kloroplas • Sitoskeleton • Flagella and cillia • Endositosis, fagositosis • Perbedaan komposisi dinding sel • Cell division • Diploidy • RNA polymerase type • Sexual reproduction, meiosis, fertilization

Karp, 2005

Sel Prokaryotik

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/bacteriacell.html

Sel Eukaryotik

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/microarray/biology_intro.html

http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Epulopiscium_fishelsoni

http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Thiomargarita

http://platea.pntic.mec.es/~rmartini/thiomargarita.html

Ukuran Sel: Luas Permukaan vs volume

meted.ucar.edu

Exploring the Cell

• Mikroskop

• Staining

• Fraksionasi

• Trace/marker

• Cell free system

Struktur Sel Eukaryotik

Nukleus

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2002/nucleus.jpg

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/ribosomes/ribosomes.html

Sistem Endomembran

• Pengertian

• ER, Golgi, Lysosom, Vakuola

• Secretory protein, integral protein, organelle protein

• Biosynthetic pathway, secretory pathway, endocytic pathway

• Constitutive secretion, regulated secretion

• Traffic pathway and molecular marker

Experimental approach

• Microscopy: Electron microscope

• Fractionation: Sentrifugasi/ultra sentrifugasi

• Trace: Autoradiography, GFP

• Cell free system

• Study of genetic mutants

Endoplasmic Reticulum

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/rougher.htm

Endoplasmic Reticulum

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/endoplasmicreticulum/endoplasmicreticulum.html

http://cells.kaleb-clark.com/index.cgi/details/SmoothEndoplasmicReticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• SER dan RER

• Struktur, ribosom, aktivitas biokimia

SER

• Lipid sintesis

• Ca2++

• Metabolisme karbohidrat

• Detoksifikasi drug; Cytochrome P450s

RER

• Polarized structure of secretory cell

• Intestinal goblet cell, endocrine cell, sel plasma, sel hati

• Sintesis protein: membran (integral), sekretori, internal organel (ER, golgi, lisosom, endosome, vesicle, vakuola tanaman

• Sintesis lipid

• Glycosylation in RER

Karp, 2005

http://www.cytochemistry.net/microanatomy/epithelia/epith_lec.htm

http://www.comprehensivephysiology.com/WileyCDA/CompPhysArticle/refId-cp140112.html

VS Free ribosome

• Protein sitosolik, peripheral protein, protein yg ditranport ke nukleus, protein peroksisome, kloroplast dan mitokondria

Sintesis protein • SRP • Ribosom • Signal peptide • Translocon • SRP reseptor • Chaperone, gating protein, disulfide isomerase • Protein G • Signal peptidase • Oligosaccharyltransferase (integral protein)

http://biology.ucsd.edu/classes/bicd110.SP08/KimHoyt.pdf

http://biology.ucsd.edu/classes/bicd110.SP08/KimHoyt.pdf

http://biology.ucsd.edu/classes/bicd110.SP08/KimHoyt.pdf

Gunter Blobel Nobel Lecture, Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine 1999: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1999/blobel-lecture.html

Gunter Blobel Nobel Lecture, Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine 1999: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1999/blobel-lecture.html

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1999/illpres/protein.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_peptide

Sintesis integral protein

• Stop transfer sequence

http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-22/CB22.html

http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/183/22/6645/F3

Membrane biosynthesis in the ER

• Membrane is asymmetri in composition

• Most of membrane lipids synthesis entirely in ER, exception:

- Sphingomyelin and glycolipid

- Some of the unique lipid in mt & chlr membrane

ER for synthesis lipid; are integral membran protein, with active sites in cytosolic surface

Flip model; inserted newly synthesis lipid. Enzyme role

Karp, 2005

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolipid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomyelin

Different lipid composition between organel

• Most membranous organel contain enzymes that modify lipid already present within a membrane

• Pemilihan tipe fosfolipid tertentu ketika terjadi budding vesikel

• Phospolipid transfer protein

Karp, 2005

Glycosilation in ER

http://biology.ucsd.edu/classes/bicd110.SP08/KimHoyt.pdf

Protein Quality Control

• Glucosyltransferase

• Calnexin

• Glucosidase

• Proteasome

UPR

http://biology.ucsd.edu/classes/bicd110.SP08/KimHoyt.pdf

From ER to Golgi

• ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment)

• VTR (vesicular-tubular clusters)

http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v9/n4/box/nrm2378_BX1.html

Golgi apparatus

• Structural/morpholgy: stack, cisternae, peripheral tubular

• Bagian: CGN, cis-cisternae, medial cisternae, trans-cisternae, TGN

• Difference type of golgi stack, difference characteristic/composition

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_leukocyte,_showing_golgi_-_TEM.jpg

http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_6_Project

http://www.life.umd.edu/cbmg/faculty/song/688D/Lectures/Endocytosis.pdf

Glycosilation in golgi

http://biology.ucsd.edu/classes/bicd110.SP08/KimHoyt.pdf

Model pergerakan materi melintasi golgi

• Cisternal maturation model

• Vesicular transport model

http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter1.html

http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter1.html

Vesicular transport

• Variation in size, type and function

• Vesicular transport and protein coat

Vesikel transport

• D = 60-100nm

• Bud and fuse

• Surface: dark staining layers

Vesicular transport and protein coat

• Cause the membrane to curve and form a budding vesicle

• Selecting the component to be carried by the vesicle:

Selecting component:

- Cargo consisting of secretory, lysosomal, and membrane protein to be transported

- The machinery required to target and dock the vesicle to the corret acceptor membrane

Karp, 2005

Protein coat

• COP II-coated vesicle

• COP I-coated vesicle

• Chlatrin coated vesicle

http://colinhopkins.com/new_page_6.htm Albert et al, 2002

http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/endoplasmic-reticulum-golgi-apparatus-and-lysosomes-14053361

Protein coat

• Protein coat and GTP binding protein

COPI-coated vesicle

• Transporting escaped protein back to ER

• Retaining and retrieval resident ER protein

• Retrieval signal: KDEL and KDXX

Sorting protein at the TGN

• Sorting and transport lysosomal enzymes: mannose-6-phospate signal, mannose-6-phospate receptor, addaptor protein (GGA), chlatrin

Dissociation chlatrin, returned MPR, vesicle destination

Sorting protein at the TGN

• Sorting and transport non lysosomal protein

Targeting vesicle to particular component

• Movement of the vesicle toward the specific target compartment: microtubule role

• Tethering vesicle to target: Rabs, GTP binding protein

• Docking vesicle to target: SNARE protein

• Fusion between vesicle and target membrane

Karp, 2005

Exocytosis

• Release of neurotransmitter

http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~berger/b200sample/unit_8_protein_processing/proteinprocessingoh.htm

Lyososome

• Place for various degradative enzyme

• Phospatase, nuclease, protease, GAG- hydrolyzing enzyme, polysaccharidase and oligosaccharidase, lipid hydrolyzing enzyme

The Endocytic pathway

• Endocytosis: bulk-phase endocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis

• Phagocytosis

Receptor mediated endocyotosis

• Coated pits

• Chlatrin

• Adaptor protein (AP2)

• dynamin

http://www.utm.utoronto.ca/~w3bio315/lecture18.htm

http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~berger/b200sample/unit_8_protein_processing/proteinprocessingoh.htm

http://www.life.umd.edu/cbmg/faculty/song/688D/Lectures/Endocytosis.pdf

http://www.life.umd.edu/cbmg/faculty/song/688D/Lectures/Endocytosis.pdf

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2552/figure/ch6.f1/?report=objectonly

The endocytic pathway

• Signalling receptor: growth factor (EGF), insulin

• Housekeeping receptor: cholesterol, iron

• Endosomes

phagocytosis

http://www.nature.com/nri/journal/v3/n4/fig_tab/nri1053_F5.html

Transport protein to non endomembran system

Mitokondria, peroksisome, kloroplas:

- Post-translationally

- Folded or unfolded

- Specific signal sequence

Daftar Pustaka dan Rujukan

1. Michael T Madigan. “Brock Biology of Microorganism 11th edition.” Pearson Prentice Hall

2. Gerald Karp. “Cell And Molecular Biology: Concept and Experiments 6th edition.” Wiley

3. Campbell.”Biology.” Erlangga 4. Bruce Alberts. “Cell and Molecular Biology 5th

edition.” Garland Science 5. David L Nelson.”Lehninger Principle of

Biochemistry 4th edition. Freeman

Daftar Pustaka dan Rujukan

• Website (tanggal akses 24 Maret-1 April 2011)

Dapat dilihat di tiap link gambar untuk pendalaman dan rujukan belajar