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Overview of Biblical Hebrew Before I begin this presentation of Biblical Hebrew, I

want you to know that I recognize that not everyone has the time to study Biblical Hebrew;

but, I know many of you realize the importance of being able to look at the Hebrew text that is behind the English translations of the Bible.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew If you fall into this category, you will get a lot out of

this presentation that will help you to do just that.

In addition, you will learn about certain resources that can help you study more effectively, and you will learn some things you need to be aware of as you use these resources.

As we cover this information, I will do my best to point out a few things that will help you to avoid certain errors when looking at the Hebrew text.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew For those who want to gain some level of proficiency in

Hebrew, this presentation will set you well on your way to see the big picture of the language and prepare you for the details of what you need to learn along the way.

I guarantee you, this is one of the most helpful things you can do before attempting to learn a foreign language.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Before you start to look at verses and words in Hebrew,

you need to learn the alphabet and understand that Hebrew is written right to left.

If you don’t already know the Hebrew alphabet, you can learn it as soon as possible.

This requires repetition on your part.

Aleph-BetLetter Final Form Name/# Pronunciation

א Aleph; 1 (silent)

ב, ב Bet, Vet; 2 ב = b as in boy; ב = v as in vote

ג Gimmel; 3 G as in gimmick

ד Dalet; 4 D as in doll

ה He; 5 H as in hey

ו Vav; 6 V as in vote (Note Vav can also be spelled Waw)

ז Zayin; 7 Z as in zoo

ח Het; 8 Ch as in Bach

ט Tet; 9 T as in toy

י Yod; 10 Y as in yellow

כ, כ ך Kaf, Kha; 20 כ K as in keep; כ/ ך Ch as in Bach

ל Lamed; 30 L as in look

מ ם Mem; 40 M as in me

נ ן Nun; 50 N as in name

ס Samech; 60 S as in sin

ע Ayin; 70 (silent)

פ, פ ף Peh, Feh; 80 P as in pay; F as in fame

צ ץ Tsade; 90 Ts as in cats

ק Qof; 100 K as in key

ר Resh; 200 R as in rate

ש Shin; 300 Sh as in shoe

ש Sin; 300 S as in sin

ת Tav; 400 T as in toy

Hebrew uses dots, dashes, and other symbols for vowels and accents. These are outside the scope of this presentation.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew As you begin to explore Biblical Hebrew, I suggest any

of the following resources:

• Bible software with Hebrew resources that are on-line or off-line.

• Depending on what you use, you may need to download the Hebrew fonts onto your computer that are used on a particular web site.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Computer software includes programs such as:

Blue Letter Bible – free, on-line

CD available for donation

eSword® – free, for off-line use

PC Study Bible

Bible Works

Accordance

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Several printed concordances and lexicons to consider:

Strong’s Concordance

Englishman’s Hebrew Concordance of the Old Testament

Word Study Concordance

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (BDB)

Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament (TWOT)

Analytical Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon

New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Use an Interlinear Bible (English equivalent is directly

under the Hebrew text) until you can do without it.

Avoid parallels (text is side by side)

Avoid small font size – look at the text before you buy!!! DO NOT GET: The Interlinear Hebrew-Greek-English Bible,

One-Volume Edition by Jay P. Green. The Hebrew is impossibly tiny.

CONSIDER: Hebrew-English Interlinear Old Testament BibliaHebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS)/English Standard Version (ESV) or something else.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew A Strong’s Concordance shows how a particular Greek

or Hebrew word is translated in the English version of the Bible. It is not a lexicon.

An Englishman’s Concordance lists all the verses where a particular Greek or Hebrew word is used.

A lexicon is a dictionary for Greek and Hebrew words.

Overview of Biblcal Hebrew

Blue Letter Bible has various Bible versions, andclickable links to access reference tools.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew

Blue Letter Bible is found at https://www.blueletterbible.org/

18Englishman’s Concordance, PC Study Bible

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Hebrew Grammars:

I suggest using a grammar with an inductive approach to learning Hebrew for beginners, as opposed to a seminary level grammar.

Get at least two grammars (one that is inductive or for self-study, and another that is recommended for seminary use).

Learn Biblical Hebrew by John H. Dobson (with CD) = inductive

The First Hebrew Primer: The Adult Beginner's Path to Biblical Hebrew, Third Edition 2005 by Ethelyn Simonand Linda Motzkin. Order book and audio CD from http://www.ekspublishing.com/biblical-hebrew

Introducing Biblical Hebrew by Allen Ross (Charles Grebe teaches this text at http://www.animatedhebrew.com/lectures/index.html … for FREE – donations accepted).

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Once you start to look at verses and words in Hebrew, you’ll

see that some words appear in a Hebrew lexicon or concordance the same way they do in the verse being studied.

These can be words like: Proper nouns

Prepositions

Masculine singular nouns and adjectives

Certain 3rd person, masculine, singular verbs

Interrogative pronouns

Example of proper noun fromeSword®

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Additionally, you may be surprised to notice that some

words in Scripture aren’t spelled exactly the same as they are in a concordance or lexicon.

There are a variety of reasons for this.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Hebrew words often have prefixes and/or suffixes

attached to them.

These need to be removed in order to recognize the lexical form of the Hebrew word.

I-Nun verb: Conjunctive vav (prefix) followed by 3rd person masculine plural suffix for hiphil perfect verb. Note the addition of a ה , a dot (dagesh), and the change in vowel (י ) in the hiphil form of the perfect verb.

Example from PC Study Bible V5

III-II-I

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Hebrew prefixes can be:

An interrogative (?) particle [usually ה];

The definite article (the) [usually ה];

The conjunctive vav (and, but, then) [usually ו]

Inseparable prepositions [such as ב ,ל ,כ ];

Verb prefixes (imperfect verbs)

Care should be used to make sure you do not remove one of these letters when it is really part of the original word itself.

Overview of Biblical HebrewGenesis 1:1

אש ית ב ארא ים בר תאלה מ האא תו י ם ש ץ האא ררץ א

אש יתב רא = in the beginning א בר = he created (3rd person, masc. sing. perfect

verb) מ י םה ש = the heavens אאתו = and + definite direct object marker (אאת) ץה ררץ א = the earth

Overview of Biblical Hebrew In English we don’t have a direct object marker (אץת)

that points out a definite direct object.

Example of a direct object with a definite article (the):

Lee played the keyboard. Subject + verb + Definite Article + Direct Object

If we were to write this with a definite direct object marker, it might look like this:

Lee played אץת (→) the keyboard.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Hebrew suffixes can be:

Feminine endings for adjectives and nouns

Plural endings for adjectives and nouns

Pronominal suffixes (possessive or objective for gender and number)

The Directional particle

Verb suffixes for gender and number

Feminine plural suffix

Pronominal Suffix

The yod indicates this is a masculine plural noun.

Pronominal Suffixes on Adon ( ןואד )Transliteration # Hits Meaning Person & Number

יאד נ Adonai 420 LORD;YHVH

Plural in form

ניאד Adonai 1 My lords 1 common plural(see Genesis 19:2)

ינ אד Adoniy 167 My lord 1 common singular

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Incidentally, יאדנ means “sir” in modern Hebrew.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Other changes in words may also be seen:

In vowels of verbs, nouns, and adjectives;

At the end of constructs (a form of a word) which show possession.

איאד נ is a construct form of Adon ( ןואד ); it means “lord of”

Overview of Biblical HebrewAnother example of a construct chain:… let them have dominion over the fish of ( גת ב ד construct) the sea ( םהיabsolute)… (Gen 1:26 NKJ)

Example from BibleWorks 9

2 Samuel 2:1Here’s an example of one interrogative Heh (prefix) and two directional particles (suffix = ה).

This is from The Hebrew-English Interlinear ESV Old Testament by Crossway.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Part II

Overview of Biblical Hebrew When you are using a Hebrew lexicon, it is important

to have an over-all view of the Hebrew verbal system.

Verbs are probably the most important, time consuming, and difficult part of learning Biblical Hebrew.

Verbs are composed of a 3-consonantal root called a shoresh.

Each letter of the root is numbered (right to left): III – II – I

These become important when identifying weak verbs; these usually involve guttural letters ( א,ה ,ח,ע ,ר ) in one of these 3 positions.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Depending on the form of the verb, prefixes and/or

suffixes are added to identify the person(s) doing the action of the verb.

Sometimes a second suffix, called a pronominal suffix is also added to indicate a direct object that is a personal pronoun.

I saw him.

Subject (1st, 2nd, or 3rd person) + Verb--Direct Object = Personal Pronoun

Root (III-ה) - 1st person, common singular, perfect (י ) - 2nd person

masculine singular pronominal suffix. ךית יצ ו40

III-II-I

Overview of Biblical Hebrew The shoresh is the root or stem of a verb.

Another word we need to know is binyan; it comes from the root/verb ה בנ (banah) which means build.

Binyanim (plural) result from certain changes to the verb’s stem. Each binyan has a name based on how the verb is built.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Different verbal stems [binyan (sg) or binyanim (pl)]

are formed with a 3-consonantal root (shoresh) by:

Changing the vowel points;

Sometimes by adding a dot called a dagesh;

Sometimes by adding a prefix.

Be aware that some verbs have:

Bi-consonantal roots (only two root letters)

Missing root letters (either I or III)

Overview of Biblical HebrewBinyan 3rd Person, Masc.

Sing. Perfect3rd Person, Masc.Sing. Imperfect

Qal קטל ק טלי

Niphal ק טלנ קטאלי

Piel ק טאל קטאלי

Pual קטל קטלי

Hitpael קטאלה ת קטאלי ת

Hiphil ליק ט ה ליק ט י

Hophal ק טלה ק טלי

Here I just want you to note that there are different prefixes, dageshes, and vowel changes in the various binyanim for the verb qatal (to kill).

Overview of Biblical Hebrew It is outside the scope of this presentation to teach you

everything regarding the construction of every verb form.

For now we will try to stay as general as possible while giving you basic information you need to know whether or not you choose to pursue studying Biblical Hebrew.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Before I give a general overview of the binyanim, we need

to understand what active, passive, and reflexive is.

Active = when the subject is doing the action.

The boy (subject) hit the ball.

Passive = when the subject is receiving the action.

The boy (subject) was hit by the ball.

Reflexive = when the subject does something to himself.

The boy (subject) hit himself with the ball.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew The 7 major (most common) binyanim are:

Qal = active voice, simple basic action

Niphal = passive voice, simple basic action

Piel = active voice, intensive action, causes state to exist

Pual = passive voice, intensive action

Hitpael = reflexive voice, intensive action

Hiphil = active voice, causal action

Hophal = passive voice, causal action

The vast majority of the verbs in Scripture are Qal. (Note: Slight spelling differences in the binyanim may be seen in various

grammars.)

Overview of Biblical Hebrew You may see a few more binyanim mentioned in your

lexicon or grammar that are considered to be minor:

These are used with bi-consonantal and geminate (twin) roots. Polel – same meaning as Piel (active voice, intensive

action)

Polal – same meaning as Pual (passive voice, intensive action)

Hitpolel – same meaning as Hitpael (reflexive voice, intensive action).

Overview of Biblical Hebrew This description of the binyanim is very basic.

There are more specific uses of the binyamin that affect a verb’s meaning. You’ll have to learn these from a Hebrew grammar.

It’s also important to consult your lexicon for the meanings of the various binyanim.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Verbal stems (binyanim) affect a root’s meaning; not

its function within a discourse (a section of writing).

If your lexicon gives you meanings for a verb’s various binyanim, you must consider only the definitions for the specific binyan in the verse you are looking at.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Your computer software should tell you what binyan is

used in the verse you are looking at.

If you aren’t using computer software, you can also consult the Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon.

BTW, Hebrew verbs do not always exist in every possible binyan.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Let me ask you a question…

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Did you ever ask your mom how to spell a word and

have her tell you to look it up in the dictionary?

If so, did you ever think she was crazy?

After all, you have to know how to spell the word if you’re going to look it up.

Well, it’s a bit trickier to do with a Hebrew word!

Overview of Biblical Hebrew The reason is because the 3rd person, masculine,

singular, qal perfect is the lexical form of a verb whether or not the qal binyan even exists for that verb.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew If you don’t have computer software, this means you

might have to remove parts of the verb you are looking at to figure out what the 3rd person, masculine singular form is before you can look up the word.

III-הExample from Bible Works 9

Example from PC Study Bible V5 Professional Reference Library

III-II-I

אש ית אב רא ים (Qal, perfect)בר ראלה ת הא מ י ם ו אא ת הש ץאא רץ

61From Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon, print version

The Analytical Hebrew and Chaledee Lexicon shows the various forms words can take.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Hebrew grammar books use either qatal קטל) = to kill)

or paqad פקד) = to visit) as their paradigm verb to show the various prefixes and suffixes that can be attached to a shoresh (root).

These 2 verbs are called strong verbs because they do not contain guttural letters ( א,ה ,ח,ע ,ר ) and they change predictably throughout the paradigm.

Every binyan has its own chart for person (1st-3rd), number (sg/pl), and gender (m/f).

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Because weak verbs have one or more guttural letters

( א,ה ,ח,ע ,ר ) in their root, their vowels do not always change exactly the same as strong verbs.

Other verbs have missing root letters or are bi-consonantal.

These and weak verbs have their own paradigm lists.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Verb paradigm charts are usually found in the back of

grammar books and some software programs have them available for review.

In Bible Works: Resources/Hebrew Grammars/Hebrew Paradigms. Select the type of verb you want to look at under the contents tab.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew In Scripture, verbs appear in different forms. Verbal

paradigms exist for the binyanim in these forms:

Perfect [also known as qatal [or suffix conjugation (קטל)

Imperfect [also known as yiqtol (י ק טל) or prefix conjugation]

Participles [active and/or passive depending on the binyan]

Infinitives [construct and absolute]

Volitionals [Jussives (3p), Imperatives (2p), Cohortatives (1p)]

Defining all of these is outside the scope of this presentation but we’ll look briefly at the first two.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Before we look at perfect and imperfect verbs, we need

to understand that there is not really any tense in Hebrew as there is in English.

In other words, verb form does not necessarily indicate tense.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Generally speaking:

The perfect (qatal) verb can be used to describe:

completed action

a state of being

perception or attitude

The imperfect (yiqtol) verb can describe past, present, or future incomplete action.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew If you are planning to learn and read Biblical Hebrew,

you need to memorize and/or recognize the verb conjugations (inflections) in the following two paradigm charts for strong verbs.

You will often need to consult paradigm charts, an analytical lexicon, or computer software to know for sure what verb form (especially of weak verbs) you are looking at.

Overview of Biblical HebrewQal Perfect (Qatal)

3ms קטל 3cp רט ל ק ו

3fs רט ל הק

2ms תקטל 2mp םתץק טל

2fs ת קטל 2fp ןתץק טל

1cs ית קטל 1cp נקטל ו

The suffixes of a perfect verb identify the person of the verb which must agree in number and gender with the accompanying noun or pronoun.

This is only for the qal perfect; there is one of these charts for every perfect binyan. 70

Overview of Biblical HebrewQal Imperfect (Yiqtol)

3ms ק טלי 3mp ק ט לי ו

3fs ק טלת 3fp הק טל ת נ

2ms ק טלת 2mp לק ט ת ו

2fs יק ט ל ת 2fp הל ק טת נ

1cs ק טלאץ 1cp ק טלנ

The prefixes and suffixes of a verb identify the person of the imperfect verb which must agree in number and gender with the accompanying noun or pronoun.

This is only for the qal imperfect; there is one of these charts for every imperfect binyan. 71

Overview of Biblical Hebrew A verb form not yet mentioned is:

Wayyiqtol (pronounced va-yiqtol, spelled ק טלו י ). Hebrew grammars may call it:

Converted imperfect

Imperfect with Vav consecutive

Future with Waw conversive

Future

waPC (Vav + Prefix Conjugation)

It’s basically a vav + imperfect verb.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Another verb form is:

Weqatal (pronounced ve-qatal, spelled קטלו . Hebrew grammars may call it:

wSC (vav + Suffix Conjugation)

It’s basically a vav + perfect verb.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew When a vav precedes a verb, it often reverses the usual

tense of the verb; in such an instance it’s known as a reversing vav.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew These two verb forms, the wayyiqtol and weqatal are

very common in Scripture.

They are 2 kinds of mainline verbs.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Mainline verb forms move the Biblical Narrative forward.

Historical Narrative: Wayyiqtol;

Embedded Weqatal in procedural discourse; or isolated Weqatal in pivotal/climatic events

Predictive Narrative and Instructional Discourse: Weqatal; or occasional imperative

Hortatory Discourse (influence someone’s behavior): Volitionals [Jussive(3rd), Imperative (2nd), Cohortative (1st)]

Weqatals – for Mitigated (less intense) Hortatory Discourse

Overview of Biblical Hebrew 1 Samuel 1:19 (Wayyiqtol X3)

ש וי מכ בבקץרו

Then they rose up early (hiphil, 3mp) in the morning

ר רוחתש וי איו י הוהל פ נ

And they worshipped (hishtaphel, 3mp) before YHVH

בש וי ו

And they returned (qal, 3mp)

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Genesis 3:18 (Weqatal)

הב ש ץאץת־עאו אכל ת הש דץ

And you shall eat (Qal, 2ms) the herb of the field.

Construct chainShowing possession

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Numbers 14:13

ה ש ץ מאמץרוי האץל־י הו And Moses said (wayyiqtol, Qal, 3ms) to Yahweh,

מ עש ו ם מ צ ר י ו "Then the Egyptians will hear (weqatal, Qal, 3cp)

ר ץה םאץת־העךחב כת יהץעל יכ בהז ומ ק ר For you had brought up (qatal, Hiphil, 2ms) these people by your

might from among them.”

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Off-line verb forms slow down the movement of the

Biblical Narrative. A few examples include: X-qatal or X–yiqtol

Shifts focus (subject = X that precedes the verb)

Normally, the subject comes after the verb

Verbs that give relative background information Qatal - In the past

Yiqtol - In the non-past

Participles - Give background activities (either active or passive)

Mainline form of היה - Makes transitions (It happened/came to pass)

לא + any verb negates the verb

Dependent clauses begin with רש ץא םא , , or יכ .

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Exodus 7:18 a & b

ה ג תמר־בי אר ש ץאו הד תו

And the fish which are in the river will die

ו ראהי ש בא

And the river will stink (weqatal, Qal, 3ms + subject)

X Yiqtol, Qal, 3fs

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Exodus 4:17

ץההטץו אץת־המ חת קהז דץ ךב י

It is this rod you will take (yiqtol, Qal, 2ms) in your hand

אץת־האתת וב־הש ץתער ש ץא

With which you will do (yiqtol, Qal, 2ms) the signs

Sometimes the Direct Object precedes verb = for emphasis

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Exodus 4:24

ןובמלך רץבדץ יוי ה And it came to pass (it happened) by the way at the inn

פ ג וי הש א י הוהו That Yahweh met him ( ש פג - wayyitol, Qal, 3ms; 3ms pronominal suffix)

ותיהמ ש וי בקא And desired (Wayyiqtol, Qal, 3ms) to kill him (infinitive construct, Hipihil,

Transition - mainline form of היה = wayyiqtol, Qal, 3ms

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Exodus 3:20 נ פ ל אתיב כלםאץת־מ צ ר י יו ה כאית And I will smite (weqatal, hiphil, 1cs) Egypt with all my wonders

בה ש ץאץערש ץא וב ק ר Which I will do (yiqtol, Qal, 1cs) in its midst (dependent clause w/yiqtol)

י חו א ןכארא And after that

םאץת כץחלש י He will let (yiqtol, Piel, 3ms) you (definite direct object + pronoun ending) go (send you

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Ezekiel 34:6 a & c

ש י ג יצאנ ו My flock went astray (sinned inadvertently; yiqtol, Qal, 3mp)…

ש רא ודןו אאי ש מ בקאןיו אא And no one was searching (participle, Qal, ms) and no one was

seeking (participle, Piel, ms) [for them].

Exodus 6:9b

רו לא מ עש הש ץאץל־מו But they did not listen (perfect, Qal, 3cp) to Moses…

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Verb forms, not verbal stems (binyanim), have special

discourse functions.

In English, verb tense such as past, present, and future is represented by their own specific verb forms.

Biblical Hebrew doesn’t really have tenses like English. In Hebrew, verb tense is not determined just by verb forms; it is also a function of the genre of the discourse.

See Rocine for full details on discourse profile schemes.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew You can begin to see the enormity of the Hebrew verbal

system.

Don’t let that scare you into not studying Biblical Hebrew.

Study the language as if it were an onion. Digest the first layer you can handle;

When you are ready, spend time with the next layer;

Continue the process and repeat what you need to.

Learn as much vocabulary as you can along the way.

Practice reading Hebrew in your inter-linear Bible.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Once you finish an introductory course in Biblical

Hebrew, you will have only scratched the surface of the language.

BUT, knowing the basics of Biblical Hebrew will help you as you attempt to rightly divide the Word of Truth.

You will always need to rely on grammar and language tools in your Biblical studies.

It will take a long time to build up your vocabulary. Learn it based on frequency rates.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew I recommend this book or another reference for

learning vocabulary based on frequency lists:

Other on-line resources, apps, and other databases are also available and/or built-in to various software programs.

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Print-screens from software for this presentation were

taken from the following sources:

Blue Letter Bible, https://www.blueletterbible.org

Overview of Biblical Hebrew Biblical Hebrew A Compact Guide, Miles Van Pelt, Zondervan, Grand

Piquant Editions, Ltd., Carlisle, CA3 9GR, United Kingdom. Learning Biblical Hebrew A New Approach Using Discourse Analysis,

The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon by Benjamin Davidson, Hendrickson Publishers, P.O. Box 3473, Peabody MA 01961-3473, 4th Printing April 1986.

The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon by F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, Hendrickson Publishers, P.O. Box 3473, Peabody MA 01961-3473, 4th Printing January 1999.

Hebrew lessons compiled by: Beth C. Mehaffey

https://holyhiway.wordpress.com

Contact: betmeh2 at gmail.com

Overview of Biblical Hebrew - WordPress.com · 2019. 1. 27. · Overview of Biblical Hebrew If you...

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