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Organic vs. InorganicOrganic vs. Inorganic Inorganic lack a Inorganic lack a carbon-hydrogen carbon-hydrogen
combinationcombinationEx) Ex) waterwater, salts (NaCl, KCl), salts (NaCl, KCl)
OrganicOrganic substances always contain substances always contain both carbonboth carbon and and hydrogenhydrogen
C6H12O6
Glucose
C12H22O11
Macromolecules (Organic) Macromolecules (Organic) Carbohydrates : Carbohydrates : Bread, Potatoes, and PastaBread, Potatoes, and Pasta
Lipids: Lipids: Fats, Butter, and OilsFats, Butter, and Oils
Proteins: Proteins: Meats, Peanuts, Beans, and EggsMeats, Peanuts, Beans, and Eggs
Nucleic acids: Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA DNA and RNA
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
ElementsElements that make up carbs: C H O; that make up carbs: C H O; Always Always 2:12:1 ratio between ratio between H H and and OO
Function of carbsFunction of carbs Main Main energyenergy source source Structural component: cell walls, insects Structural component: cell walls, insects
exoskeletonexoskeleton Used by Used by cellscells to to recognizerecognize other other cellscells: :
receptorsreceptors
Carbohydrate
Monomer of carbohydratesMonomer of carbohydrates MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides: : oneone sugarsugar: ex: : ex:
Glucose, fructose, galactose; chemical Glucose, fructose, galactose; chemical formula = formula = CC66HH1212OO66
PolymersPolymers DisaccharidesDisaccharides: : twotwo monomersmonomers: ex: : ex:
sucrose, maltosesucrose, maltose PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides: : manymany monomersmonomers: ex: : ex:
starch, glycogen, cellulosestarch, glycogen, cellulose
Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis & Hydrolysis
LipidsLipids
Examples: Examples: FatsFats, Waxes and Oils, Waxes and Oils
(Mostly C & H); (Mostly C & H); no rationo ratio between between HH and and OO Function of lipidsFunction of lipids
Stored energyStored energy Structural componentsStructural components
Lipids are also made of Lipids are also made of Monomers:Monomers:
1 glycerol1 glycerol 3 fatty acids3 fatty acids
Two types of lipidsTwo types of lipids Saturated:Saturated: contains max. # H atoms. contains max. # H atoms. Unsaturated:Unsaturated: contains some C=C bonds. contains some C=C bonds.
ProteinsProteins
Elements of proteins:Elements of proteins:
C, H, O, N C, H, O, N FunctionsFunctions
Control rate of reactionsControl rate of reactions Regulates cell processes (enzymes)Regulates cell processes (enzymes) Building materials (collagen & elastin, Building materials (collagen & elastin,
coloration pigments)coloration pigments) Fight disease (antibodies)Fight disease (antibodies)
Building blocks of proteinsBuilding blocks of proteins amino acidsamino acids (AA): are monomers or (AA): are monomers or
building blocksbuilding blocks of proteins of proteinsThe protein is the PolymersThe protein is the Polymers: :
proteins are also called polypeptidesproteins are also called polypeptides One bonded to another AAOne bonded to another AA Peptide bondsPeptide bonds are used to bond one amino are used to bond one amino
acid to another to form proteinsacid to another to form proteins
AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AAAA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA
A large protein chain made of small amino acidshttp://www.teachertube.com/view_video.php?viewkey=aa818e40a6b8475f0d28
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General structure Alanine Serine
Amino Acids
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Amino group
Carboxyl group
The shape of Protein molecule is influenced by the sequence of amino acids in it
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Elements Elements of nucleic acids: C, H, O, N, Pof nucleic acids: C, H, O, N, P Function Function of nucleic acidsof nucleic acids
Store & transmit genetic info.; the building blocks Store & transmit genetic info.; the building blocks to our genetic code (DNA)to our genetic code (DNA)
MonomersMonomers of nucleic acids are called of nucleic acids are called NucleotidesNucleotides
Three nucleotides of nucleic acidsThree nucleotides of nucleic acids are: are:• 5-C sugar, Nitrogenous base, phosphate group5-C sugar, Nitrogenous base, phosphate group
PolymerPolymer• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)• RNA (ribonucleic acid)RNA (ribonucleic acid)
The 2 Types Of Nucleic AcidsThe 2 Types Of Nucleic Acids1. DNA1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- our (deoxyribonucleic acid)- our
hereditary info. hereditary info. directs all cell activities directs all cell activities
11stst identified as double helix 1953 by identified as double helix 1953 by Watson and CrickWatson and Crick
2. RNA2. RNA (ribonucleic acid)- transcribes (ribonucleic acid)- transcribes hereditary info. (copies DNA) to hereditary info. (copies DNA) to make a protein the body needsmake a protein the body needs
* this means that proteins determine * this means that proteins determine the nature and activities of the cellthe nature and activities of the cell
The NucleotideThe Nucleotide All nucleotides are identical All nucleotides are identical The only difference is the The only difference is the
type of nitrogenous base type of nitrogenous base they have. they have. There are 4 types: Guanine, There are 4 types: Guanine,
Cytosine, Adenine and Cytosine, Adenine and Thymine.Thymine.
These bases pair up in a These bases pair up in a specific way to make the specific way to make the rungs of the DNA rungs of the DNA Double Double Helix.Helix.
Energy and Chemical Energy and Chemical ReactionsReactions
Living things Living things undergo undergo thousandsthousands ofof chemicalchemical reactionsreactions as as part of the life part of the life process process
Certain chemical Certain chemical substances substances (catalysts) (catalysts) can speed can speed up or slow down a up or slow down a reaction. reaction.
Biological catalysts Biological catalysts are called are called enzymesenzymes
If it ends inIf it ends in ase ase it is it is an enzyme.an enzyme.
EnzymesEnzymes are an important class are an important class of catalysts in living organismsof catalysts in living organisms Mostly Mostly proteinprotein ThousandsThousands of different kinds of different kinds Each Each specificspecific for a different for a different
chemical reactionchemical reaction
Enzyme ActionEnzyme Action Enzyme-Substrate ComplexEnzyme-Substrate Complex
substratessubstrates – the reacting molecules; the – the reacting molecules; the substance(s) that the enzyme works on,substance(s) that the enzyme works on,
active siteactive site – that portion of the enzyme – that portion of the enzyme into which the reacting molecules fitinto which the reacting molecules fit
productproduct – the substance that results from – the substance that results from the enzymatic activitythe enzymatic activity
Enzyme StructureEnzyme Structure Enzymes work on Enzymes work on
substances called substances called substratessubstrates
Substrates must fit Substrates must fit into a place on an into a place on an enzyme called the enzyme called the active siteactive site
Enzymes are Enzymes are reusablereusable!!
End in –End in –asease -Sucrase-Sucrase-Lactase-Lactase-Maltase-Maltase
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Active SiteActive SiteA A restrictedrestricted regionregion of an of an
enzyme molecule which enzyme molecule which binds binds to the substrate.to the substrate.
EnzymeSubstrate
Active Site
Lock + Key-Lock + Key- refers to how the active site + refers to how the active site + substrate fits togethersubstrate fits together there is only one key to a lockthere is only one key to a lock there is only one substrate to an active there is only one substrate to an active
sitesite
Enzyme videoEnzyme video
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp06/0602001.html
CarbonCompounds
include
that consist of
which contain
that consist of that consist of that consist of
which contain which contain which contain
Concept Map
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
Sugars and starches
Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
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•Enzyme- Protein that can speed up or slow down a reaction.
•Substrate-The reaction molecule, that the enzyme works on.
•Active Site- Portion of the enzyme that reacting molecules fit in. Has a specific shape.
•Lock & Key fit- A specific substrate will only fit into a specific enzyme.
Overview of enzymes
•Factors that affect enzyme action- Temperature, pH level, and enzyme/substrate concentration.
•Enzymes become denatured with temperatures that are too high or pH levels not 7. The active site changes shape.
•Examples of Enzymes-•Lactase, the enzyme breaks down lactose•Protease and peptidase - A protease is any enzyme that can break down a long protein into smaller chains called peptides• Amylases - breaks down starch chains into smaller sugar molecules. •Maltase- breaks down maltose•Catalase- breaks down Hydrogen peroxide to water.
Enzyme Characteristics •Made up of proteins•Are reusable•Are Specific•Required by ALL chemical processes in organisms•Control the rate of metabolic (chemical reactions) in the body.•Weaken chemical bonds so molecules can be made or broken down by the body•Many end is ~ase
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