Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds

• What do you think of when you hear the term organic?

• What are the 4 major groupings of Organic compounds?

• What compounds composes each group?

• What are the major functions of each group?

Organic Compounds• What do you think of when you hear the term organic?• Varies but probably produce that is grown without

fertilizers or pesticides. Carbon containing, from living organism.

• What are the 4 major groupings of Organic compounds of the human body?– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids

Organic Compounds• Carbohydrates (Breads, Rice,

Starch, Grains)– Saccharides, di-poly– Immediate energy– Make up most of your diet– Simple sugars

• Lipids (Lipids, Butter, Fats, fat tissue)– 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids– Stored reserve energy– Phospholipids make up cell

membrane

• Nucleic Acids – Nucleotide-Phosphate, 5-

carbon sugar and N base– Carry the genetic code of

life

• Proteins (Muscles) – Amino Acids (peptide bond)

alkyl, organic alchol, amine– Growth, maintenance and

repair

What do you see?

A

B

C

D

E

Normal CellCell with ChromatidsSex CellSex Cell (Nondisjuction)Autosomal Cell (S-1, G2)Sex cell 1/2 done

FG

Meiosis II Equilateral

Growth and Development

Meiosis I Reduction

Ovum (n)

Ootid (n)

Polar Bodies (n)

Secondary Oocyte (n) Polar Body (n)

Meiosis II Equilateral

Growth and Development

Meiosis I Reduction

Primary Oocyte (2n)

Oogensis

Meiosis I Reduction

Growth and development

Meiosis II Equilaterial

Spermatogensis

Primary Spermatocyte (2n)

Secondary Spermatocytes (n)

Spermatids (n)

Spermatozoans (n)

Meiosis I Reduction

Growth and development

Meiosis II Equilaterial

Nucleic AcidsHistory

StructureReplication

Protein SynthesisMutations

History DNA Structure • Gregor Mendel-Factors carried genetic information• Walter Sutton-Factors are carried on chromosomes• Thomas Morgan-Genes are found on chromosomes• Friederich Meischler -found in nuclein (chromatin) white blood cells• Frank Griffith-Classic Experiment, transformation• Margaret Chase, Alfred Hershey, bacteriophages reproduction• Avery, Macleod, McCarty duplicated and explained Griffith

experiment• Wendel Stanley-Tobacco Mosaic Virus• Phoebe Levine-Material that composed DNA• Erwin Chargaff-N bases that combined, C-G, A-T• Maurice Wilkins,Rosalind Franklin-Picture (X-ray diffraction) of

DNA• Linus Pauling-Worked on proteins• James Watson, Francis Crick-suggested the double helix structure for

DNA

Structure• Website: check favorites

http://www.umass.edu/molvis/bme3d/materials/jtat_080510/exploringdna/ch_struct/chapter.htm

• Nucleotides– Sugar

• Deoxyribose(DNA)• Ribose(RNA)

– Phosphoric Acid, Phosphate– Nitrogen Bases A=T(DNA), U(RNA); C=G, Hydrogen Bond

• Purines-double ring– Adenine, Guanine

• Pyrimidines-single ring– Thymine(DNA), Cytosine, Urasil(RNA)

• Ladder shape, twisted Double Helix– Sides are composed of phosphates and 5 C sugars.– Steps or rungs are composed of N bases

What are the complimentary bases for this strand of DNA. A-T-G-C-C-G-T-T-A-G-C-T-A-C-T-A-A-T-C-G-C-T-T-A-T-C-G

DNA RNA

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid– Double strand– Thymine– Deoxyribose– Nuclear location– 3 types R, L, Twisted

• Ribonucleic Acid•

– Single– Urasil– Ribose– Found anywhere in cell– 4 type mRNA, tRNA,

rRNA

What are the Major Differences in DNA and RNA?

• 5 carbon sugar

• Nitrogen bases

• Location

• Strands

DNA Replication• DNA copies the information on the strand and

makes an exact copy. • C-G-T-A-G-G-A-T-C-C-G• G-C-A-T-C-C-T-A-G-G-C• Procedure

– Weak chemical bonds break– DNA splits into separate strands– Enzymes cause free-floating nucleotides to form

complimentary templates– Enzymes link the free-floating nucleotides into a long

strand– Two identical strands of DNA now exist

Quick review

• What is the basic functional unit of DNA?

• What three things makeup this functional unit?

• What is the complimentary code for:• AAT GGC ATC GCA TTA GTC TTA

Proteins

• Everything you do is related to chemistry. Growth, maintenance, repair.

• Break down or make substances-Lactase-lactose, amylase-starches, lipase-lipids, sucrase-sucrose,

• Proteins have a specific job in your body, ex Hemoglobin, HGH

• Polymerase in DNA• Makes Buffers for Acids and Bases

Importance of DNA / Protein

• Holds the Blueprint of LIFE or Genetic Blue Print of your life.

• Instructs cells HOW to produce proteins (compounds) in certain situations. Proteins are used for:– Chemical reactions– Structures– Enzymes, Catalyses

Protein Synthesis• The DNA unzips(H bonds break between

N bases) in a spot that produces a certain protein.

• Transcription-mRNA copies the chemical message on the coding strand of the DNA

• The strands of mRNA then go out to cytoplasm. There is more than one copy of the DNA message

• The tRNA is coupling to Amino Acids(19), codon 3 N-base sequence in mRNA, anti-codon is the complimentary code on tRNA

• Ribosome directs the tRNA with the amino acids to the proper position on the mRNA strand (translation)

• Protein is formed from the amino acid being placed in the proper order.

• The proteins shape determines function.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

7.tRNA

6.mRNA

1.Amino Acid

2.Amino Acid Chain

4.Codon3.AntiCodon

5.Ribosome

Protein Synthesis• A-DNA• B-mRNA (Transcription)• C-mRNA cytoplasm• D-Amino Acid• E-tRNA with AA• F-Ribosome• G-Protein• H-Translation• I-Anticodon• J-Codon• K-Cytolasm

DNA->RNA->Protein

• A-T-G-C-C-G-T-T-A-G-C-T-A-C-T-A-A-T• UAC GGC AAU CGA UGA UUA• AUG CCG UUA GCU ACU AAU•

How to Find the Amino Acid

• Check on the chart or tool to see if it is DNA, Codons, or Anticodons.

• Circular– Center is where you will find the first N-base– Then go out to the next level for that N-base.

In that Quarter of the pie.– Follow the 1/8 pie to the crust for the last N-

base and that is the Amino Acid

What Amino Acids form fromAAU GGC UAC GGA

What Amino acid is coded for with a Nitrogen sequence of:AAT GAT CCG TTA CCA

How to find the Amino Acid

• Rectangle• Usually the left side is for the first N-base.

When that is located this is the row it will be in.

• Next N-base is usually across the top, this will further narrow the search to the square.

• The last N-base is across the right edge to tell you what N-base you have.

Why is protein synthesis so important?

• 1. • 2. • 3.• 4.• 5.

Protein Synthesis or importance of a single Protein in your own words.

Mutant or NotHero Mutant Not

Poison Ivy

Powder Puff Girls

Wolverine

Superman

The Hulk

Batman

Blinky (Simpsons)

Wonder Woman

Cause of Mutations

• Mutagens-agents in the environment that are known to cause changes in the DNA.(nicotine, asbestos, virus, radiation, UV), A test for mutagenic properties is an Ames test.

• Nondisjunction is when chromosome fail to separate during either the first or second meiosis.

• Translocation is where a broken piece of chromosome is reattaches to a nonhomologous chromosome

• Genetic predisposition to mutate

Mutations

• Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence• Germ cell mutation is a mutation that is

passed on to the offspring.• Somatic cell mutation is a mutation in body

or somatic cells• Lethal mutation is a mutation that causes

death• Cancer cells growing out of control

Importance of Mutation

• Usually a mutant is thought of as something bad, unless it is a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle.

• Think about how organisms change and the variation within a population. Go back to the “Black Death” in Europe. How or why did certain people survive?

Types of DNA MutationsAUG-CGA-UUG

• Point mutation is a substitution of a single nitrogen base in the DNA. AUG-CGA-AUG

• Frame shift mutation is an insertion, deletion, inversion

• AUG-GCG-AUU-G insertion• AUG-GAU-UG- deletion• AUG-AGC-GAU-U inversion

Chromosomal MutationsABCDEFG

• Deletion-a section of a chromosome is removed ABDEFG

• Insertion-a section of a chromosome is added AFEDCBG

• Translocation- a section of one chromosome is added or removed from another

• ABCABCDEFG• Inversion-a section of a chromosome is switched

in sequence