View
219
Download
2
Category
Tags:
Preview:
Citation preview
1
Organic Chemistry
2
Organic Chemistry
The Chemistry of carbon compounds.
3
Organic Chemistry
The Chemistry of carbon compounds.
We will look at: (1) Naming of simple compounds.
4
Organic Chemistry
The Chemistry of carbon compounds.
We will look at: (1) Naming of simple compounds. (2) Some simple reactions.
5
Organic Chemistry
The Chemistry of carbon compounds.
We will look at: (1) Naming of simple compounds. (2) Some simple reactions. (3) Some simple properties.
6
Organic Chemistry
The Chemistry of carbon compounds.
We will look at: (1) Naming of simple compounds. (2) Some simple reactions. (3) Some simple properties. (4) Some applications will be discussed.
7
Naming simple organic compounds
8
Naming simple organic compounds
Organic compounds are organized in different families, and each family has a root name.
9
Naming simple organic compounds
Organic compounds are organized in different families, and each family has a root name. Compounds derived from the starting members in the family have their name based on the parent compound from which they are derived.
10
The key compounds for naming are the hydrocarbons.
11
The key compounds for naming are the hydrocarbons. There are three basic classifications and some important secondary classifications.
12
The key compounds for naming are the hydrocarbons. There are three basic classifications and some important secondary classifications.
(1) Alkanes
13
The key compounds for naming are the hydrocarbons. There are three basic classifications and some important secondary classifications.
(1) Alkanes (2) Alkenes
14
The key compounds for naming are the hydrocarbons. There are three basic classifications and some important secondary classifications.
(1) Alkanes (2) Alkenes (3) Alkynes
15
Prefix systemused to name inorganic compounds. This is also used for organic compounds to name the number of substituents. The base names for the alkanes with five or more C atoms are derived directly from these names.
number prefix
1 mon*2 di3 tri4 tetra5 penta6 hexa7 hepta8 octa9 nona10 deca
*Often not employed.
16
Prefix systemused to name the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain of organic compounds. Note that the ones in blue do not follow from the first four prefixes in the previous table. These entries are sometimes termed the roots for the number of C atoms.
number prefix
1 meth2 eth3 prop4 but5 pent6 hex7 hept8 oct9 non10 dec
17
Names for organic compounds break up into two groups:
18
Names for organic compounds break up into two groups:
Non-systematic (trivial)
19
Names for organic compounds break up into two groups:
Non-systematic (trivial) Systematic (This will be our focus, though
some of the common names will be mentioned.)
20
Names for organic compounds break up into two groups:
Non-systematic (trivial) Systematic (This will be our focus, though
some of the common names will be mentioned.)
Example: H2O
The non-systematic name is water. The systematic name is dihydrogen oxide.
21
Number of bonds For the following atoms the typical number of
bonds from each atom is as follows:
Atom Number of bonds H 1 C 4
22
Number of bonds For the following atoms the typical number of
bonds from each atom is as follows:
Atom Number of bonds H 1 C 4 O 2 N 3
23
Number of bonds For the following atoms the typical number of
bonds from each atom is as follows:
Atom Number of bonds H 1 C 4 O 2 N 3 (Note: there are exceptions)
24
The Alkanes
25
The Alkanes
As far as naming is concerned, the alkanes are the top priority family.
26
The Alkanes
As far as naming is concerned, the alkanes are the top priority family. Many other names are based on the names used for this group of compounds.
27
The Alkanes
As far as naming is concerned, the alkanes are the top priority family. Many other names are based on the names used for this group of compounds.
The alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2
where n = 1, 2, 3, ….
28
Formula NameCH4 methane
29
Formula NameCH4 methane
CH3CH3 ethane
30
Formula NameCH4 methane
CH3CH3 ethane
CH3CH2CH3 propane
31
Formula NameCH4 methane
CH3CH3 ethane
CH3CH2CH3 propane
CH3CH2CH2CH3 butane
32
Formula NameCH4 methane
CH3CH3 ethane
CH3CH2CH3 propane
CH3CH2CH2CH3 butane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 pentane
33
Formula NameCH4 methane
CH3CH3 ethane
CH3CH2CH3 propane
CH3CH2CH2CH3 butane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 pentane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 hexane
34
Formula NameCH4 methane
CH3CH3 ethane
CH3CH2CH3 propane
CH3CH2CH2CH3 butane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 pentane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 hexane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 heptane
35
Formula NameCH4 methane
CH3CH3 ethane
CH3CH2CH3 propane
CH3CH2CH2CH3 butane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 pentane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 hexane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 heptane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 octane
36
Formula NameCH4 methane
CH3CH3 ethane
CH3CH2CH3 propane
CH3CH2CH2CH3 butane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 pentane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 hexane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 heptane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 octane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 nonane
37
Formula NameCH4 methane
CH3CH3 ethane
CH3CH2CH3 propane
CH3CH2CH2CH3 butane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 pentane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 hexane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 heptane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 octane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 nonane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 decane
38
Formula NameCH4 methane
39
Formula NameCH4 methane
CH3CH3 ethane
40
Formula NameCH4 methane
CH3CH3 ethane
CH3CH2CH3 propane
41
Formula NameCH4 methane
CH3CH3 ethane
CH3CH2CH3 propane
CH3(CH2)2CH3 butane
42
Formula NameCH4 methane
CH3CH3 ethane
CH3CH2CH3 propane
CH3(CH2)2CH3 butane
CH3(CH2)3CH3 pentane
43
Formula NameCH4 methane
CH3CH3 ethane
CH3CH2CH3 propane
CH3(CH2)2CH3 butane
CH3(CH2)3CH3 pentane
CH3(CH2)4CH3 hexane
44
Formula NameCH4 methane
CH3CH3 ethane
CH3CH2CH3 propane
CH3(CH2)2CH3 butane
CH3(CH2)3CH3 pentane
CH3(CH2)4CH3 hexane
CH3(CH2)5CH3 heptane
45
Formula NameCH4 methane
CH3CH3 ethane
CH3CH2CH3 propane
CH3(CH2)2CH3 butane
CH3(CH2)3CH3 pentane
CH3(CH2)4CH3 hexane
CH3(CH2)5CH3 heptane
CH3(CH2)6CH3 octane
46
Formula NameCH4 methane
CH3CH3 ethane
CH3CH2CH3 propane
CH3(CH2)2CH3 butane
CH3(CH2)3CH3 pentane
CH3(CH2)4CH3 hexane
CH3(CH2)5CH3 heptane
CH3(CH2)6CH3 octane
CH3(CH2)7CH3 nonane
47
Formula NameCH4 methane
CH3CH3 ethane
CH3CH2CH3 propane
CH3(CH2)2CH3 butane
CH3(CH2)3CH3 pentane
CH3(CH2)4CH3 hexane
CH3(CH2)5CH3 heptane
CH3(CH2)6CH3 octane
CH3(CH2)7CH3 nonane
CH3(CH2)8CH3 decane
48
Alkyl groups
49
Alkyl groupsFormula Name
50
Alkyl groupsFormula NameCH3 methyl
51
Alkyl groupsFormula NameCH3 methyl
CH3CH2 ethyl
52
Alkyl groupsFormula NameCH3 methyl
CH3CH2 ethyl
CH3CH2CH2 n-propyl
53
Alkyl groupsFormula NameCH3 methyl
CH3CH2 ethyl
CH3CH2CH2 n-propyl
CH3(CH2)2CH2 n-butyl
54
Alkyl groupsFormula NameCH3 methyl
CH3CH2 ethyl
CH3CH2CH2 n-propyl
CH3(CH2)2CH2 n-butyl
CH3(CH2)3CH2 n-pentyl
55
Alkyl groupsFormula NameCH3 methyl
CH3CH2 ethyl
CH3CH2CH2 n-propyl
CH3(CH2)2CH2 n-butyl
CH3(CH2)3CH2 n-pentyl
Ending change: ane yl (or add yl to the root names)
56
In the previous list “n” stands for normal. In this case the bond is from the first carbon of the longest chain.
57
In the previous list “n” stands for normal. In this case the bond is from the first carbon of the longest chain. Three other prefixes that occur commonly are:
sec- short for secondary
58
In the previous list “n” stands for normal. In this case the bond is from the first carbon of the longest chain. Three other prefixes that occur commonly are:
sec- short for secondary tert- short for tertiary
59
In the previous list “n” stands for normal. In this case the bond is from the first carbon of the longest chain. Three other prefixes that occur commonly are:
sec- short for secondary tert- short for tertiary iso (no hyphen is used)
60
In the previous list “n” stands for normal. In this case the bond is from the first carbon of the longest chain. Three other prefixes that occur commonly are:
sec- short for secondary tert- short for tertiary iso (no hyphen is used) Examples:
HH
HHHHHH CCCC
Hsec-butyl
61
In the previous list “n” stands for normal. In this case the bond is from the first carbon of the longest chain. Three other prefixes that occur commonly are:
sec- short for secondary tert- short for tertiary iso (no hyphen is used) Examples:
HH
HHHHHH CCCC
H H
H
H
HH
H
C
CCC HH
sec-butyl
H
tert-butyl
62
In the previous list “n” stands for normal. In this case the bond is from the first carbon of the longest chain. Three other prefixes that occur commonly are:
sec- short for secondary tert- short for tertiary iso (no hyphen is used) Examples:
HH
HHHHHH CCCC
H H
H
H
H
HH
H
C
CCC HH HH
HH
HH
C
CCC
H
Hsec-butyl
H
tert-butyl isobutyl
63
The term isoalkane is used to denote a branched chain alkane with a methyl group attached to the penultimate carbon atom of the main chain.
64
The term isoalkane is used to denote a branched chain alkane with a methyl group attached to the penultimate carbon atom of the main chain.
As the number of carbon atoms increase, the prefixes become less useful, because an increasingly large number of prefixes would be needed. In this case, the standard numbering scheme (described about nine slides later) is used.
65
Structures of some alkanes
66
Structures of some alkanes
H
HHH C
67
Structures of some alkanes
H
HHH C CC
H HH
HH
H
68
Structures of some alkanes
H
HHH C
CCC
CCH
H
H
H
H
HH
HH
HH
H
HH
69
Structures of some alkanes
H
HHH C
CCC
CCH
H
H
H
H
HH
HH
HH
H
HH HH
HHHHHH CCCC
HH
70
Structures of some alkanes
These are straight chain examples.
H
HHH C
CCC
CCH
H
H
H
H
HH
HH
HH
H
HH HH
HHHHHH CCCC
HH
71
Structures of some alkanes
These are straight chain examples. Note that the alkanes have only single bonds.
H
HHH C
CCC
CCH
H
H
H
H
HH
HH
HH
H
HH HH
HHHHHH CCCC
HH
72
Branched alkanes
73
Branched alkanes
HH
HHHHHH CCCC
H3CH
74
Branched alkanes
4 3 2 1
HH
HHHHHH CCCC
H3CH
75
Branched alkanes
4 3 2 1 2-methylbutane
(the 2 is a bit redundant)
HH
HHHHHH CCCC
H3CH
76
Branched alkanes
4 3 2 1 2-methylbutane
(the 2 is a bit redundant)
Number the longest chain so as to give the lowest number to the substituent (in this case a methyl group) off the main chain.
HH
HHHHHH CCCC
H3CH
77
HC
HH
HHHH HH CCCC H
3CH 3CH
78
5 4 3 2 1
HC
HH
HHHH HH CCCC H
3CH 3CH
79
5 4 3 2 1 2,3-dimethylpentane
HC
HH
HHHH HH CCCC H
3CH 3CH
80
HC
H
HHHHH HH CCCC H
3CH 2CH
3CH
C C CH
HH
H H H
81
Note: there is a methyl and an ethyl group off the main chain.
HC
H
HHHHH HH CCCC H
3CH 2CH
3CH
C C CH
HH
H H H
82
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note: there is a methyl and an ethyl group off the main chain.
HC
H
HHHHH HH CCCC H
3CH 2CH
3CH
C C CH
HH
H H H
83
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 5 and 6 bigger than 3 and 4 – so this is wrong numbering
Note: there is a methyl and an ethyl group off the main chain.
HC
H
HHHHH HH CCCC H
3CH 2CH
3CH
C C CH
HH
H H H
84
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note: there is a methyl and an ethyl group off the main chain.
HC
H
HHHHH HH CCCC H
3CH 2CH
3CH
C C CH
HH
H H H
85
3-methyl-4-ethyloctane (complexity order)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note: there is a methyl and an ethyl group off the main chain.
HC
H
HHHHH HH CCCC H
3CH 2CH
3CH
C C CH
HH
H H H
86
3-methyl-4-ethyloctane (complexity order) 4-ethyl-3-methyloctane (alphabetical order)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note: there is a methyl and an ethyl group off the main chain.
HC
H
HHHHH HH CCCC H
3CH 2CH
3CH
C C CH
HH
H H H
87
Summary of the simple rules to name an alkane. Prefix + root + suffix
88
Ways of depicting an alkane (p. 578)
89
The impact of free rotation about carbon – carbon single bonds.
90
Exercise: Draw the structures of (1) 2,2,3-trimethylbutane (2) 4-ethyl-2-methylnonane (2-methyl-4-ethylnonane) (3) 2,4-dimethyloctane
91
Physical properties of the alkanes
The series of straight-chain alkanes shows a very smooth gradation of physical properties. As the series is ascended, each additional CH2 group contributes a fairly constant increment to the boiling point and to the density – and to a lesser extent to the melting point.
This makes it possible to estimate the properties of an unknown member of the series from those of its neighbors.
92
Alkenes
93
Alkenes These are hydrocarbons with at least one or
more double bonds.
94
Alkenes These are hydrocarbons with at least one or
more double bonds.
The parent alkanes are used to name the alkene family of compounds.
95
Alkenes These are hydrocarbons with at least one or
more double bonds.
The parent alkanes are used to name the alkene family of compounds.
The name ending change is: ane ene
96
alkane alkene structure ethane ethene
CCHH
HH
97
alkane alkene structure ethane ethene
propane propene
CCHH
HH
3CHCC
H H
H
98
alkane alkene structure butane butene
99
alkane alkene structure butane butene In this case there are three possible compounds.
100
alkane alkene structure butane butene In this case there are three possible compounds. 1-butene
C CH
HH
3CH2CH
101
alkane alkene structure butane butene In this case there are three possible compounds. 1-butene The number 1 indicates on which carbon the double bond starts.
C CH
HH
3CH2CH
102
alkane alkene structure butane butene In this case there are three possible compounds. 1-butene The number 1 indicates on which carbon the double bond starts. 2- butene
C CH
HH
3CH
HH
2CH
3CH3CHCC
103
alkane alkene structure butane butene In this case there are three possible compounds. 1-butene The number 1 indicates on which carbon the double bond starts. 2- butene
C C
H
H
HH
3CH
C C
H
H
H
2CH
3CH3CH
3CH
3CH
CC
104
alkane alkene structure butane butene In this case there are three possible compounds. 1-butene The number 1 indicates on which carbon the double bond starts. 2- butene cis-2-butene
trans-2-butene
C C
H
H
HH
3CH
C C
H
H
H
2CH
3CH3CH
3CH
3CH
CC
105
Z and E isomers
Some cases arise in which it is very difficult to name a compound unambiguously, e.g.
106
Z and E isomers
Some cases arise in which it is very difficult to name a compound unambiguously, e.g.
BrC C
I 3CH
Cl
107
Z and E isomers
Some cases arise in which it is very difficult to name a compound unambiguously, e.g.
Is this a cis or trans compound?
BrC C
I 3CH
Cl
108
Z and E isomers
Some cases arise in which it is very difficult to name a compound unambiguously, e.g.
Is this a cis or trans compound?
A way to sort out this problem is to use the symbols
BrC C
I 3CH
Cl
109
Z and E isomers
Some cases arise in which it is very difficult to name a compound unambiguously, e.g.
Is this a cis or trans compound?
A way to sort out this problem is to use the symbols Z (zusammen = together)
BrC C
I 3CH
Cl
110
Z and E isomers
Some cases arise in which it is very difficult to name a compound unambiguously, e.g.
Is this a cis or trans compound?
A way to sort out this problem is to use the symbols Z (zusammen = together) E(entgegen = opposite)
BrC C
I 3CH
Cl
111
Rules1. Compare the two groups on one carbon atom of
the carbon-carbon double bond.
112
Rules1. Compare the two groups on one carbon atom of
the carbon-carbon double bond.2. Assign the two groups priorities using the Cahn-
Ingold-Prelog rules for R and S configurations.
113
Rules1. Compare the two groups on one carbon atom of
the carbon-carbon double bond.2. Assign the two groups priorities using the Cahn-
Ingold-Prelog rules for R and S configurations.3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for the second carbon of the
carbon-carbon double bond.
114
Rules1. Compare the two groups on one carbon atom of
the carbon-carbon double bond.2. Assign the two groups priorities using the Cahn-
Ingold-Prelog rules for R and S configurations.3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for the second carbon of the
carbon-carbon double bond.4. If the two groups of highest priority are on the
same side of the double bond, we have the Z isomer. If the two groups are on opposite sides we have the E isomer.
115
Arrange the atoms in decreasing order of atomic number, e.g. I, Br, Cl, S, P, F, O, N, C, H
116
Z-2-butene
HH
3CH3CHCC
117
Z-2-butene
E-2-butene
HH
3CH3CHCC
HC C
H 3CH
3CH
118
Z-2-butene
E-2-butene
E-2-bromo-1-chloro-1-iodopropene
HH
3CH3CHCC
HC C
H 3CH
3CH
ClC C
I3CH
Br
119
Z-2-butene
E-2-butene
E-2-bromo-1-chloro-1-iodopropene The group of highest priority on each C atom is
circled.
HH
3CH3CHCC
HC C
H 3CH
3CH
ClC C
I3CH
Br
120
Z-2-butene
E-2-butene
E-2-bromo-1-chloro-1-iodopropene The group of highest priority on each C atom is
circled.
HH
3CH3CHCC
HC C
H 3CH
3CH
ClC C
I3CH
Br
121
alkene condensed formula ethene CH2CH2
122
alkene condensed formula ethene CH2CH2
propene CH2CHCH3
123
alkene condensed formula ethene CH2CH2
propene CH2CHCH3
1-butene CH2CHCH2CH3
124
alkene condensed formula ethene CH2CH2
propene CH2CHCH3
1-butene CH2CHCH2CH3
2-butene CH3CHCHCH3
125
alkene condensed formula ethene CH2CH2
propene CH2CHCH3
1-butene CH2CHCH2CH3
2-butene CH3CHCHCH3
Note: it would not be clear from the formula for 2-butene whether this is the cis or trans compound.
126
alkene condensed formula ethene CH2CH2
propene CH2CHCH3
1-butene CH2CHCH2CH3
2-butene CH3CHCHCH3
Note: it would not be clear from the formula for 2-butene whether this is the cis or trans compound. This is a reason why structures are very useful!
127
It is possible to have more than one double bond present. For example:
1,3-butadiene
CCCC H
H H
H
H
H
128
Alkynes
129
Alkynes The alkynes have one or more triple bonds.
130
Alkynes The alkynes have one or more triple bonds. The ending change is: ane yne
131
Alkynes The alkynes have one or more triple bonds. The ending change is: ane yne The alkenes and the alkynes are referred to as
unsaturated hydrocarbons.
132
Alkynes The alkynes have one or more triple bonds. The ending change is: ane yne The alkenes and the alkynes are referred to as
unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Unsaturated hydrocarbon: A hydrocarbon having one or more double or triple bonds.
133
alkane alkyne structure ethane ethyne
CCH H
134
alkane alkyne structure ethane ethyne
propane propyne
CCH H
H 3CHCC
135
alkane alkyne structure ethane ethyne
propane propyne
butane 1-butyne
CCH H
H 3CHCC
H CC 2CH 3CH
136
alkane alkyne structure ethane ethyne
propane propyne
butane 1-butyne 2-butyne
CCH H
H 3CHCC
H CC 2CH 3CHCC3CH 3CH
137
alkyne condensed formula ethyne C2H2
138
alkyne condensed formula ethyne C2H2
propyne CHCCH3
139
alkyne condensed formula ethyne C2H2
propyne CHCCH3
1-butyne CHCCH2CH3
140
alkyne condensed formula ethyne C2H2
propyne CHCCH3
1-butyne CHCCH2CH3
2-butyne CH3CCCH3
141
alkyne condensed formula ethyne C2H2
propyne CHCCH3
(Writing C3H4 would not be useful.)
1-butyne CHCCH2CH3
2-butyne CH3CCCH3
142
alkyne condensed formula ethyne C2H2
propyne CHCCH3
(Writing C3H4 would not be useful. Why?)
1-butyne CHCCH2CH3
2-butyne CH3CCCH3
143
Explanation of why C3H4 would not be useful.
144
Explanation of why C3H4 would not be useful.
Clearly, this could be propyne.
CCH 3CH
145
Explanation of why C3H4 would not be useful.
Clearly, this could be propyne.
But it could also be
CCH
HHCCC
H H
3CH
146
Explanation of why C3H4 would not be useful.
Clearly, this could be propyne.
But it could also be
1,2-propadiene
CCH
HHCCC
H H
3CH
147
Explanation of why C3H4 would not be useful.
Clearly, this could be propyne.
But it could also be
1,2-propadiene (The numbering would be a bit redundant in this
example.)
CCH
HHCCC
H H
3CH
148
Cycloalkanes
149
Cycloalkanes
The cyclo compounds have a ring of carbon atoms present in the compound.
150
alkane cycloalkane structure propane cyclopropane
CC
HH
HH
CHH
151
alkane cycloalkane structure propane cyclopropane
butane cyclobutane
CC
HH
HH
C
C
H HH
HH
CCC
HHH HH
152
153
154
155
156
Conformational possibilities for cyclohexane
157
158
159
Some substituents
160
Some substituents
Substituent Name F fluoro
161
Some substituents
Substituent Name F fluoro Cl chloro
162
Some substituents
Substituent Name F fluoro Cl chloro Br bromo
163
Some substituents
Substituent Name F fluoro Cl chloro Br bromo I iodo
164
Some substituents
Substituent Name F fluoro Cl chloro Br bromo I iodo
Note: the ending change ide o as in chloride to chloro
165
Name the following
166
Name the following1.
H
HFH C
167
Name the following1.
2.
H
HFH C
CCH F
FH
HH
168
Name the following1.
2.
3.
H
HFH C
CCH F
FH
HH
CCCH
F
H
H
HH F
Cl
169
Name the following1.
2.
3.
4.
BrH
HBrHHHH CCCC
BrH
H
HFH C
CCH F
FH
HH
CCCH
F
H
H
HH F
Cl
170
Name the following1. fluoromethane
2.
3.
4.
BrH
HBrHHHH CCCC
BrH
H
HFH C
CCH F
FH
HH
CCCH
F
H
H
HH F
Cl
171
Name the following1. fluoromethane
2. 1,1-difluoroethane
3.
4.
BrH
HBrHHHH CCCC
BrH
H
HFH C
CCH F
FH
HH
CCCH
F
H
H
HH F
Cl
172
Name the following1. fluoromethane
2. 1,1-difluoroethane
3. 1-chloro-1,2-difluoropropane
4.
BrH
HBrHHHH CCCC
BrH
H
HFH C
CCH F
FH
HH
CCCH
F
H
H
HH F
Cl
173
Name the following1. fluoromethane
2. 1,1-difluoroethane
3. 1-chloro-1,2-difluoropropane
4. 1,2,3-tribromobutane
BrH
HBrHHHH CCCC
BrH
H
HFH C
CCH F
FH
HH
CCCH
F
H
H
HH F
Cl
174
Name the following1. fluoromethane
2. 1,1-difluoroethane
3. 1-chloro-1,2-difluoropropane*
4. 1,2,3-tribromobutane* *(there is more than one form of this compound)
BrH
HBrHHHH CCCC
BrH
H
HFH C
CCH F
FH
HH
CCCH
F
H
H
HH F
Cl
175
Some simple reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
176
Some simple reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
Combustion: CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
177
Some simple reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
Combustion: CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
When the products are CO2 and H2O it is termed a complete combustion.
178
Some simple reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
Combustion: CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
When the products are CO2 and H2O it is termed a complete combustion.
With insufficient O2, CO will be formed. E. g.
2 CH4 + 3 O2 2 CO + 4 H2O
179
Some simple reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
Combustion: CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
When the products are CO2 and H2O it is termed a complete combustion.
With insufficient O2, CO will be formed. E. g.
2 CH4 + 3 O2 2 CO + 4 H2O
This is called an incomplete combustion.
Recommended