Organic and Biochemistry I. Organic chemistry A. Organic vs. inorganic compounds B. Carbon atoms C....

Organic and Biochemistry I. Organic chemistry

A. Organic vs. inorganic compoundsB. Carbon atomsC. Biological molecules

1. 4 main classes2. Monomers3. Condensation and hydrolysis reactions4. Functional groups

II. CarbohydratesA. MonosaccharidesB. DisaccharidesC. Polysaccharides

III. LipidsA. Triglycerides

1. glycerol and fatty acids2. saturated vs. unsaturated

B. LipoproteinsC. PhospholipidsD. Steroids

IV. ProteinsA. multiple functionsB. amino acidsC. Protein structure

1. globular and fibrous2. four levels of structure

V. Nucleic acidsA. 3 functionsB. NucleotidesC. DNA/RNAD. ATP

I. Organic chemistryA. Organic vs. inorganic compounds

Organic compounds Inorganic compounds1.

2.  

3.  

4.  

Many atoms; always carbon and hydrogen

Relatively few; not always carbon and hydrogen

Flexible Rigid

Wide variety Relatively not as variable

Carbon backbone Varies

B. Carbon molecules

Carbon forms the backbone of all biomolecules

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of organic molecules?

a. longb. wide variety of sizes and shapesc. rigidd. carbon backbone

C. Biological molecules1. 4 main classes2. Monomers3. Condensation and hydrolysis reactions4. Functional groups

• carbohydrates

• lipids

• proteins

• nucleic acids

2. Monomers

Carbohydratesmonosaccharides

fatty acidsProteins amino acids

Nucleic acids nucleotides

Lipids

Polarity?

dimers polymers

monosaccharides

fatty acids

amino acids nucleotides

Which of the following monomers is non-polar?a. fatty acidsb. nucleotidesc. amino acidsd. monosaccharides

3. Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions

R1- OH + OH - R2 R1- O – R2 + HOH

R1- O – R2 + HOH R1- OH + R2 – OH

reactants productsyields

4. Functional groups

A small group of atoms that impart specific properties to the molecules to which they are attached.

HC

H

H

H OH

II. CarbohydratesA. MonosaccharidesB. Disaccharides

C6H12O

6

Isomers

Monosaccharide Disaccharide

Polarity

(1:2:1)

Glucose

3. Polysaccharides

Archaea

Why can’t most organisms digest cellulose?a. it is too largeb. it is too polarc. the glucose sub-units are too tightly packedd. the glucose to glucose bonds can’t be broken

III. LipidsA. Triglycerides

1. glycerol and fatty acids2. saturated vs.

unsaturated

Saturated versus unsaturated

Polarity

B. Phospholipids

Phosphate functional group

Glycerol

Fatty acids

Polar or non-polar?

Main components of cell membrane

Sexual dimorphism

C. Steroids

Blocked arteries

Cholesterol makes fat sticky

Which of the following is a basic component of lipids?a. glucoseb. glycerolc. glycined. gibberellin

IV. ProteinsA. Multiple functionsB. Amino acidsC. Protein structure

1. globular and fibrous

2. four levels of structure

keratin

collagen

fibrin

hemoglobin

Myosin and actin

Structural Enzymes Hormones

HDL/ LDL/ VLDLLipoproteins

B. Amino acids

Peptide bonds

C. Protein structureFibrous and globular Enzymes

Four levels of protein structure

Covalent bonds

H bonds

R group interactions

Various bonding

Prions

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease

PRP

Which level of protein structure is held together by H bonds?a. primaryb. secondaryc. tertiaryd. quaternary

What level of protein structure is changed when prions “go bad”?

a. primaryb. secondaryc. tertiaryd. quaternary

Molecular clocks

V. Nucleic Acids A. 3 functions

B. NucleotidesC. DNA/RNAD. ATP

A. 3 functions of nucleic acids carriers

1. information2. energy3. electrons

DNA/ RNA

NADH

ATP

B. Nucleotides

C. DNA/ RNA

Phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base

Deoxyribose nucleic acid

Ribose nucleic acid

ribose or deoxyribose

A,T or U, C, G

DNA homologies98.7%

D. ATP

ATP >> ADP + P

A-P~P + P

A-P~P~P

Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?a. phosphate groupb. 5 carbon sugarc. nitrogenous based. carboxyl acid group

On what basic premise are Molecular Clocks and DNA Homologies based?

a. the closer the genetic similarity between two individuals, the closer they share a common ancestorb. regardless of the organism, all amino acid sequences are the samec. like breeds liked. none of these

The end