Operating systems Unit objectives: Identify operating system fundamentals Manage directories on a...

Operating systems

Unit objectives: Identify operating system

fundamentals Manage directories on a Microsoft

Windows computer Manage files on a Microsoft Windows

computer Control access to files and folders on

a Microsoft Windows computer

Topic A

Topic A: Operating system fundamentals

Topic B: Directory management Topic C: File management Topic D: File and folder permissions

Operating systems

Set of software instructions Control the computer Run programs Accept input Display output Examples:

– Windows– Macintosh– Linux– UNIX

Microsoft Windows

Most installed client OS First GUI: Windows 3.1 Icons and menus to perform functions Uses a mouse or other pointing device

Windows 7 Professional Edition

Macintosh (Mac) OS

Apple’s client operating system Uses a GUI Current version:

– Mac OS X (10.6)– Also known as Snow Leopard– Based on UNIX

Revised more often than Windows Applications are plentiful

Mac OS X Snow Leopard

Linux

Free client operating system Based on UNIX Latest kernel: 2.6.32 How to obtain:

– Download Linux for free– Buy a distribution version

Uses a GUI Many system admin tasks done at

command line

Ubuntu Linux

UNIX

Developed in 1969 by AT&T Trademark owned by The Open Group UNIX standards:

– UNIX 93– UNIX 95– UNIX 98– UNIX 03

www.unix.org

Windows client operating systems

Windows NT Workstation Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows Me Three Windows XP versions

– Windows XP Professional– Windows XP Home Edition – Windows XP Media Center Edition

Windows 2000 Professional

continued

Windows client OSs, continued Six Windows Vista versions

– Windows Vista Home Basic – Windows Vista Home Premium– Windows Vista Business – Windows Vista Ultimate– Windows Vista Starter – Windows Vista Enterprise

Six Windows 7 versions– Windows 7 Home Basic – Windows 7 Home Premium– Windows 7 Professional – Windows 7 Ultimate– Windows 7 Enterprise– Windows 7 Starter

Not available in Windows 7 Home Basic

Aero Glass and advanced window navigation

Easy networking and network sharing Windows Media Center and improved

media format support Multi-touch

Not available in either Win 7 Home Edition

Windows XP mode Domain Join Network backup Encrypting File System (EFS) Location-aware printing Remote Desktop Host

Available only in Win 7 Enterprise & Ultimate

BitLocker Drive Encryption Multi-Language User Interface (MUI) Direct Access links to corporate

resources without a VPN AppLocker Virtual Hard Disk (VHD) disk image

booting BranchCache

Not available in Vista Home Basic

Aero desktop GUI with Flip 3D Windows Mobility Center and Tablet

PC support Scheduled and network-based backup Windows Meeting Space PC-to-PC Sync

Not available in either Vista Home editions

Multiprocessor support Complete PC Backup and Restore Networking Center Remote Desktop Domain Join Group Policy support Windows Fax and Scan Encrypting File System (EFS) Shadow Copy P2P Meeting Place Corporate Roaming Offline Files and Folders

In Vista Home Premium & Ultimate

Windows Media Center and Media Center Extenders

Windows DVD Maker Windows HD Movie Maker Windows premium games

Available only in Windows Vista Ultimate

BitLocker Drive Encryption

Available in Ultimate and Enterprise

Multi-Language User Interface (MUI) Subsystem for UNIX-based

Applications (SUA) Single Session Virtual PC

Windows XP Professional features

Remote desktop Multiprocessor support Automated System

Recovery Dynamic disk support Fax service IIS/Personal Web server Encrypting File System File-level access control C2 certification Domain membership Group policies IntelliMirror

Remote Installation Services

Roaming profiles Multilingual support 64-bit version IPSec user interface SNMP Simple TCP/IP services SAP agent Client services for NetWare Network monitor Client-side caching Administrative tools

Windows 2000 features

Dependability:– Device driver verification– Scalable memory and processor support– Side-by-side DLLs– Windows File Protection– Windows Installer

Security:– Encrypting File System (EFS), single-

user support– IPSec– Kerberos

continued

Windows 2000 features, continued

Management and deployment:– User State Migration Tool – Hardware standards support – System Preparation Tool– Remote OS Installation– Multilingual support– Group Policy support– Microsoft Management Console (MMC) – Recovery console– Safe Mode startup options– Internet Connection Sharing– Troubleshooters

Windows 2000 mobile support

Offline file and folder support Offline viewing Laptop power management features Hot docking Advanced Configuration and Power

Interface (ACPI)

32-bit versus 64-bit

Refers to how the CPU accesses and processes information

64-bit system – Access larger amounts of memory– Different internal command set– Provides additional features and functionality– Hardware drivers must be 64-bit compatible – Operating system must be written as 64-bit

Microsoft’s 32-bit version referred to as x86 Microsoft’s 64-bit version referred to as x64

Activity A-1

Selecting an appropriate Windows operating system

The Windows 7 desktop

Desktop shortcuts

Taskbar

Start menu

Notification area

Sidebar with gadgets

Pinned applications

The Windows Vista desktop

Notification area

Recycle Bin

Desktop

Start menu

Taskbar

Sidebar with gadgets

Windows XP Professional desktop

Recycle Bin

Desktop

Start menu

Taskbar Notification

area

Windows 2000 Professional desktop

My Computer

System tray

Start menu

Taskbar

My Network Places

Recycle Bin

Windows Aero features

Introduced with Windows Vista UI for:

– Windows Vista Home Premium– Windows Vista Business– Windows Vista Enterprise– Windows Vista Ultimate

Features:– Windows Sidebar – Translucent windows, taskbar, and Start menu – Taskbar thumbnails – Three-dimensional Windows Flip

Windows Aero

3D Windows Flip

Windows 7 Aero features

Aero Peek Aero Shake Aero Snap Jump lists

Aero system requirements

1 GHz 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor

1 GB system memory 128 MB graphics card DirectX 9-compatible graphics

processor that supports:– A Windows Display Driver Model

(WDDM) driver– Pixel Shader 2.0 in hardware– 32 bits per pixel

Windows Explorer in Vista Professional

Files

Date created or modified

File type File size Menu bar

Drive

Toolbar

Folders/ directories

Windows Explorer in XP

Menu bar Files

Drive

Toolbar

Folders/ directories

File size File type

Date created or modified

Drive

Libraries

A library’s included locations

Activity A-2

Locating Windows 7 interface components

Control Panel in Classic View on Vista

Control Panel in Category View

Control Panel Search

Computer Management console

Network folder in Windows Vista

Command-line utility

Task Manager

Microsoft Management Console

Activity A-3

Observing Windows 7 system tools

Topic B

Topic A: Operating system fundamentals

Topic B: Directory management Topic C: File management Topic D: File and folder permissions

Directory structure

Windows default file structure

File type Windows 2000 Windows XP Windows 7/Vista

User files Documents and Settings Documents and Settings

Users

System files Winnt Windows Windows

32-bit system files* Winnt\System32 Windows\System32

Windows\SysWOW64 for 32-bit on 64-bit Windows

Windows\System32

Windows\SysWOW64 for 32-bit on 64-bit Windows

64-bit system files N/A Windows\System32 Windows\System32

Fonts Winnt\Fonts Windows\Fonts Windows\Fonts

Temporary files Winnt\Temp Windows\Temp Windows\Temp

Program files** Program Files Program Files Program Files

Offline files and folders

Winnt\CSC Windows\CSC Windows\CSC

Navigating directories using the GUI

1. Open Windows Explorer

2. 7/Vista: In Folders pane, click arrow next to drive or folder to expand it

XP/2000: In navigation pane, click + next to drive or folder to expand it

3. Select drive or subfolder in the Folders or navigation pane to view its contents in the details pane

Activity B-1

Navigating a directory tree using the Windows GUI

Navigating using the command prompt

MS-DOS navigation commands – cmd (32-bit)– command (16-bit)– dir – chdir or cd

Cmd (command)

Dir

Wildcard characters

Use to display a subset of directories and files:– *– ?

Examples:– dir *.txt – dir 200?.txt

Chdir (cd)

Displays the name of the current drive and directory

Help

General help:help

Command-specific help:cmd /?

Syntax:– Upper-case are required characters– Lower-case are variable strings

Activity B-2

Using the command prompt

Activity B-3

Navigating a directory tree at the command-line

Creating directories in the GUI

1. In the Folders or navigation pane, select the drive or folder where you want to create the new folder

2. 7/Vista: Choose New, Folder

XP/2000: Choose File, New, Folder

3. Type a name for the new folder

4. Press Enter– Max # of allowable characters in file

path is 255

Activity B-4

Creating directories using the Windows GUI

Creating directories at the command prompt

At the command prompt:mkdir drive:path

md drive:path

Spaces in commands

16-bit command.com doesn’t allow spaces

32-bit cmd.exe treats spaces as delimiters and treats each word after the command as a separate parameter

To force the command interpreter to recognize the spaces, enclose in quotation marks any file or folder names that include spaces

Activity B-5

Creating directories at the command-line

Copying directories in the GUI

1. In Folders or navigation pane, select directory you want to copy – Use Ctrl key to select more than one

2. Right-click selection and choose Copy

3. In Folders or navigation pane, right-click destination location

4. Choose Paste

Activity B-6

Copying a directory using the Windows GUI

Copying directories using the command prompt

Copy — copies one or more files to another location

Xcopy — copies files (not including hidden and system files), directories, and subdirectories

Copy

copy source destination

Xcopy

xcopy source destination

continued

Xcopy, continued

Activity B-7

Copying a directory at the command-line

Removing directories using the GUI

1. Right-click folder you want to delete (in either pane of Windows Explorer)

2. Choose Delete

3. Click Yes to confirm

Activity B-8

Removing a directory using theWindows GUI

Removing directories using the command prompt

rmdir/rd With rmdir/rd, delete any files and

subdirectories in that directory rmdir drive:path rd drive:path Can’t delete the current directory

Activity B-9

Removing a directory at the command-line

Topic C

Topic A: Operating system fundamentals

Topic B: Directory management Topic C: File management Topic D: File and folder permissions

Binary and text files

Two types of computer files:– Binary – Text

Binary files – Read by computer, but not by humans– Program files

Text files– Typically in ASCII format– Read by humans using a text editor– Data files

ASCII

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Pronounced “ask-ee” Code represents English characters

as numbers Each letter assigned a number from 0

to 127

File-name extensions

Three-letter extension Indicates the file type Used by OS to open appropriate

application Windows hides extensions

Common file extensions .bat .bin .bmp .gif .jpeg .jpg .png .tif .com .exe .hlp

.chm .htm .html .inf .ini .msi .rtf .sys .txt .vbs

Additional extensions found at www.fileinfo.com/common.php

File names and extensions

MS-DOS file names– Eight-character limit – “8.3”

Eight characters for the name Three characters for the extension Separated by a period

Windows file names– 255-character limit

FAT16: Extensions of 0-3 characters FAT32 and NTFS: Extensions of 0-255

characters (total name can’t exceed 255)

Creating text files

MS-DOS edit command Windows GUI text-editing application

Creating a text file with edit

1. At DOS prompt, type edit and press Enter

2. Enter the desired text

3. Choose File, Save As (or press Alt, F, A)

4. Press Alt+D; then use arrow keys and Enter to navigate to desired directory

5. Press Alt+N

6. Type a file name and extension

7. Press Tab to highlight the OK button; then press Enter

8. Press Alt, F, X to exit the edit program

Creating a text file in Notepad

1. Click Start and choose All Programs, Accessories, Notepad

2. Enter the desired text

3. Choose File, Save As

4. Select the desired directory

5. Type a name for the file

6. Verify that Text Documents (*.txt) is selected in the Save as type box

7. Click Save

8. Choose File, Exit

Editing text files

MS-DOS edit command Windows GUI text editing application

Activity C-1

Creating a text file using the MS-DOS text editor

Editing a text file with edit

1. Type edit drive:\path\filename and press Enter

2. Modify the text

3. Choose File, Save or press Alt, F, S

4. Press Alt, F, X to exit

Editing a text file in Notepad

1. Click Start and choose All Programs, Accessories, Notepad

2. Choose File, Open

3. Navigate to the folder containing the text file

4. Select the desired file

5. Click Open

6. Modify the text

7. Save the file and exit the program

Activity C-2

Editing a text file using the MS-DOStext editor

Batch files

Contain multiple commands The OS runs commands in the file Used for repetitive tasks Created in any text editor You can enable or disable the display

of commands while batch file is running– Echo on|off

Activity C-3

Creating a batch file using Notepad

File attributes

Indicate to OS how files should be used

Types:– Read-only– Hidden– System– Archive– Index (in Vista)

Activity C-4

Modifying file attributes

Attrib.exe

Removes or assigns attributes System or hidden attribute must be

removed before another attribute is assigned

Recognizes wildcards– ?– *

continued

Attrib.exe, continued

Activity C-5

Modifying file attributes using attrib.exe

Topic D

Topic A: Operating system fundamentals

Topic B: Directory management Topic C: File management Topic D: File and folder permissions

Sharing files with local users

Each user has a personal folder Private Access granted to user and

administrator Contains other folders; vary based on

OS

Windows 7 private folders

Windows Vista private folders

Windows XP private folders

Public folder sharing in Vista and 7

Easiest way to share files and folders with other users

Other users can:– Open – Edit – Delete

Shared Documents

Used by Windows XP Same function as Vista’s Public folders Fewer subfolders

Activity D-1

Sharing files in the Public folderwith local users

HomeGroups in Windows 7

Activity D-2

Exploring homegroups

Permissions

Two types:– Share– Local NTFS

Share permissions:– 7/Vista:

Reader Contributor Owner Co-owner

– XP/2000: Read Change Full Control

NTFS

File security provided by NTFS Windows client OSs supporting NTFS:

– Windows NT Workstation– Windows 2000 Professional– All Windows XP editions– All Windows Vista editions– All Windows 7 editions

More specific and varied than share permissions

Classic File Sharing and Security interface

NTFS file permissions File permission Allows users to

Full control Change file permissions

Take ownership of the file

Complete tasks allowed by all other file permissions

Modify Modify the file

Delete the file

Complete tasks allowed by the Read & Execute and Write file permissions

Read & execute Run applications

Complete tasks allowed by the Read file permission

continued

NTFS file permissions, continuedFile permission Allows users to

Read Read the contents of the file

View attributes assigned to the file

View the file’s owner

View permissions assigned to the file

Write Overwrite the contents of the file

Change attributes assigned to the file

View the file’s owner

View permissions assigned to the file

NTFS Folder permissions

Folder permission

Allows users to

Full control Change permissions for the folder, its subfolders, and files

Take ownership of the folder

Delete the folder, its subfolders, and files

Complete tasks allowed by all other folder permissions

Modify Delete the folder

Complete tasks allowed by the Read & Execute and Write folder permissions

List folder

contents View the names of files and subfolders within

a folder. Not inherited by subfolders.

continued

NTFS Folder permissions, continued

Folder permission

Allows users to

Read View the contents of the folder, its subfolders, and files

View the folder’s owner

View permissions for the folder, its subfolders, and files

View attributes of the folder, its subfolders, and files

Write Create subfolders and files within the folder

Change the attributes assigned to the folder, its subfolders, and files

View the folder’s owner

View permissions for the folder, its subfolders, and files

Guidelines for NTFS permissions

Each user can have multiple NTFS file and folder permissions assigned, plus permissions assigned to his/her groups

NTFS permissions are cumulative NTFS permissions are inherited Explicit denial overrides all

corresponding permissions Administrators can take ownership

and change permissions

Assigning NTFS permissions

Simple File Sharing:– Windows XP Home – Windows XP Media Center Edition– Windows XP Professional non-domain

members

Windows 7 and Vista don’t use Simple File Sharing

Can disable Simple File Sharing in Windows XP Professional

Effective permissions = sum of share and NTFS permissions

Effective permissions

Sum of share and NTFS permissions More restrictive permission between

the two determines access Microsoft uses “effective permissions”

to refer to resulting abilities of a user or group– Effective Permissions tab in Advanced

Security Settings dialog box

Activity D-3

Setting NTFS permissions

Unit summary

Identified operating system fundamentals

Managed directories on a Microsoft Windows computer

Managed files on a Microsoft Windows computer

Controlled access to files and folders on a Microsoft Windows computer