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Operant Conditioning• A type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment.
Classical v. Operant• They both use acquisition, discrimination,
SR, generalization and extinction.
•Classical Conditioning is automatic (respondent behavior). Dogs automatically salivate over meat, then bell- no thinking involved.
•Operant Conditioning involves behavior where one can influence their environment with behaviors which have consequences (operant behavior).
Is the organism learning associations between events that it doesn’t control?
Is the organism learning associations between its behavior and resulting events?
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Shaping
• A procedure in Operant Conditioning in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal.
Reinforcer• Any event that STRENGTHENS the
behavior it follows.
Two Types of Reinforcement:
Positive and Negative
Skinner’s Experiments
Types of Reinforcers
• Reinforcer–Positive reinforcement
–Negative reinforcement
Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcer
• A stimulus that gains it reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.
Continuous Reinforcement
• Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
Quick Acquisition
Quick Extinction
Partial Reinforcement
• Reinforcing a response only part of the time.
• The acquisition process is slower.
• Greater resistance to extinction.
Fixed-ratio Schedules
• A schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
Example: I give cookie monster a cookie every FIVE times he sings “C is for cookie”.
Variable-ratio Schedule
• A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
Example: I give Homer a donut at random times when he says “DOH!!!”
Fixed-interval Schedule• A schedule of
reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
Example: I give Bart a Butterfinger every ten minutes after he moons someone.
Variable-interval Schedule• A schedule of
reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
Pop Quizzes
Skinner’s Experiments
Punishment• Negatives of using punishment
– Punished behavior is suppressed not forgotten
– Punishment teaches discrimination
– Punishment can teach fear
– Physical punishment may increase aggression
Biological Constraints on Conditioning
Limits on Classical Conditioning
• John Garcia–Conditioned Taste Aversion
–Biologically primed associations
• Natural Selection and Learning–Genetic predisposition
Biological Constraints on Conditioning
Limits on Operant Conditioning
• Naturally adapting behaviors
• Instinctive drift
Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning
Cognitive Processes and Classical Conditioning
• Predictability of an event–Expectancy
• Stimulus associations
Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning
Cognitive Processes and Operant Conditioning
• Latent learning – learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate– Cognitive map –
mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning
Cognitive Processes and Operant Conditioning
• Insight – sudden realization of a problem’s solution
• Intrinsic motivation - a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
• Extrinsic motivation – a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid punishment
Learning and Personal Control• Cope – alleviating stress using emotional,
cognitive, or behavioral methods• Problem-focused coping – attempting to alleviate
stress directly – by changing stressor• Emotion-focused coping – attempting to alleviate
stress by avoiding or ignoring stressors and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction
Learning and Personal Control
Learned Helplessness• Learned helplessness (Martin Seligman) – the
hopelessness and passive resignation learned when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Learning and Personal Control
Learned Helplessness: Internal Versus External Locus of Control• External locus of control – the perception that chance
or outside forces determine or fate• Internal locus of control – the perception that you
control your own fate
Learning and Personal Control
Learned Helplessness: Depleting and Strengthening Self-Control
• Self-control – ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards
Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain
• Observational learning – learning by observing others– Social learning– Modeling – the process of
observing and imitating a specific behavior
– Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment
Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain
• Mirror neurons – frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so• May cause empathy and imitation
Applications of Observational Learning
Prosocial versus Antisocial Effects
• Prosocial effects – positive, constructive, helpful behavior
• “Do as I say”
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