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Operant Conditioning. Behavior is changed by being REINFORCED!!!!. B. F. Skinner. Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences Tend to repeat responses that are followed by favorable consequences - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Behavior is changed by being REINFORCED!!!!
B. F. SkinnerVoluntary responses come to be controlled
by their consequences
Tend to repeat responses that are followed by favorable consequences
Tend to avoid, or not repeat, responses that are followed by neutral or unfavorable consequences
Types of ReinforcersPositive
reinforcers increase the probability that a response will occur:Money: job,
grades, chores
Positive ReinforcersPraise = increased
effort
Attention = increased feelings of self-worth
Positive ReinforcersFood – cool dog
tricks
Clowning around – kids act up to see if bad behavior will get them some attention
Positive ReinforcersEven bad behavior
will get you some attention!
Types of ReinforcersNegative
ReinforcersIncrease the
probability that a response or action will occur if the stimulus if removed
Calling in sick – reduces, removes, avoids or escapes the stimulus
Negative ReinforcersAddicts take drugs
and avoid withdrawal symptoms
You hit the snooze button and avoid getting up out of bed
Negative ReinforcersTake aspirin to
avoid or remove a headache
So…..
Both Positive and Negative reinforcers
increase the frequency of a behavior!!!
Punishment????Punishment is used to decrease a behavior…
The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior’s being repeated. Teachers reprimand a misbehaving student Friends make fun of your new outfit Parents spank an unruly child
Two Factor TheoryClassical
conditioning can create a phobia…
Two Factor TheoryOperant
conditioning can maintain a phobia through avoidance!
Schedules of ReinforcementHow can we increase the rate of response or
make it more resistant to extinction?Deliver the reinforcer at varying rates or
intervals!
How are the schedules determined?The interval of time between correct
responses
The ratio of correct responses to reinforcers
Skinner BoxThe experimental
apparatus invented by B.F. Skinner to study the relationship between environmental events and active behaviors or when a reinforcer should be introduced
Fixed- Interval: TimeA fixed amount of
time occurs between presentation of the reinforcerPigeon pecks at one
minute intervalsReport cards mailed
home every six weeks
???
Variable Interval: TimeA variable amount of
time elapses between presentation of reinforcersFood pellets
delivered at random times: pigeon pecks almost constantly
Pop quizzes???
Fixed-Ratio The reinforcer is
provided after a set number of correct responsePellets delivered
every 10th try: pigeon pecks constantly
$25 for every 5 phone calls
???
Variable-RatioThe reinforcer is
provided randomly or after a variable number of correct responsesPigeon pecks
constantly
Slot Machines
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