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8/14/2019 Oostvaardersplassen: New Nature Below Sea Level
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typologies
As an element of nature between urban and agricultural contexts, the corridor area encompasses three main
typologies in the Dutch landscape. In examining these typologies, historical and modern versions of urban, agricultural
and nature typologies were explored. Amsterdam was considered urban in the 1500s. Its infrastructure supported an
elite class of international traders, and protected inhabitants from water and external threats. In contrast, the modern
polder city of Almere can be characterized as developing a regional identity, subject to internal threats from social
isolation, with a goal of providing education, work and recreation opportunities for all.
Historical village agriculture depended on internal knowledge and continuity, ordered by the rhythm of human
and animal labor and seasonal cycles. Today, industrial agriculture depends on external knowledge, and the abil-
ity to change and adapt to global rhythms of policy and economy. Animal parks representing nature in the 17th
Century were restricted in access. Ritual hunting of wild grazing animals conferred divine status. Large ecological zones
characterize current Dutch New Nature, with robust connections now being implemented. Designed for universal
access to ritual recreation, the wild grazing animals reintroduced into the landscape symbolize ecological health and
confirm the connection between humans and nature. Nature and art are often combined in this typology.
god and the dutch make land
Eons of geomorphic processes and hundreds of years of landscape engineering have created the Dutch landscape
The inundating North Sea repeatedly opened and closed what became the Zuiderzee, with Pleistocene aquifers o
fresh to salt water encapsulating the history of these changes. Empoldering land, creating land through diking and
draining, has been practiced in the Netherlands since the 1200s. These twin forces are integrated in the corridor site
where polder soils of the former sea floor are comprised of sand, clay and peat layers echoing the succession of land
sea and marsh.
Originally planned to control flooding from recurrent North Sea storms and provide agricultural lands for food security,
the Zuiderzee Works planned by Cornelis Lely in 1891 was implemented beginning in 1920. A closure dike across the
mouth of the Zuiderzee in 1932 enabled the water body to become fresh with the off-watering from continental rivers,
and was renamed the IJsselmeer (Ijssel Lake). Four polders were drained between 1930 and 1968, and a second dikein 1975 split the IJsselmeer and created the Markermeer, bordering Southern Flevoland. Flevoland became a province
in 1986.
Careful control of water levels is practiced throughout the Netherlands, and is especially important as one-third
of the country lies below sea level. In Flevoland, this is expressed through the system of drainage pipes and
ephemeral ditches, leading into secondary drains (tochts) and primary drains (vaarts). Excess water in the vaarts from
precipitation and seepage is pumped outside the dikes into bordering lakes. The corridor site is located between the
two main drainage canals, or vaarts, of the polder. To the southeast, the Hoge Vaart (high canal) lies one meter higher
than the Lage Vaart (low canal) on the northwest end of the corridor.
research process
Various forms of research were undertaken for this project. Two research trips were completed, including site visits,
site mapping and photography, as well as formal interviews and informal conversations with active and retired
professionals and the public. To understand the history of Dutch culture, design and the sites context, many books
reports and policy documents were consulted. A literature review of current road ecology was conducted. While most
people I interviewed spoke fluent English, I learned Dutch to be comfortable in the country, understand linguistic
Cynthia Lapp Masters of Landscape Architecture University of Minnesota
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connections to the landscape, and read various books and reports. GIS mapping was used to understand the
site and intricacies of the polder water system. People in the Netherlands were tremendously supportive of my
interest in the corridor. They encouraged me to design from a perspective independent of provincial, municipal, or
ministerial viewpoints.
stakeholders + timelines
OostvaardersWold Corridor is a project of the Province of Flevoland. Official partners include the municipalities of
Almere, Lelystad and Zeewolde, Waterschap Zuiderzeeland, the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality
and the National Forest Service. The first Provincial study of alternatives for the corridor was published in April
2008, and the first Structural Vision in January, 2009. The urban design office of Enno Zuidema Stedebouw was
contracted for this work. I had the opportunity to interview Enno Zuidema about his experience and views about
designing for the Provincial agenda. Funding for the corridor, including the relocation of current site inhabitants, is
assured through the national Natura 2000 program. The corridor is scheduled to be realized in 2014.
Historically, planning in the Netherlands has been centralized, with little public input elicited. This process
is changing, and there were opportunities to learn of public opinions through published findings from public
workshops on the corridor and at various corridor informational events. Different ministries I spoke with held
diverse, and occasionally conflicting agendas for the corridor. The Municipality of Almere, pursuing the extension
of Almere Oost adjacent to the corridor, finished a second draft of its 2030 plan in February, 2009. Almere Oost is
slated to be built and contain 20,000 houses in an urban agriculture context. The whole of Almere is expected to add
60,000 houses and 100,000 jobs by 2030. Almere awaits implementation approval from the national government in
October 2009. Development will be guided by the Almere Principles, written in conjunction William McDonough +
Partners in 2008, to assist in creating a livable, polycentric city intertwined with a healthy environment.
issues + solutions
Three elements shape the design of the OostvaardersWold corridor: water, wildlife and people. Through ecologica
and infrastructure requirements, water is the main driver of the design. The corridor water system both controls
the ecological character of the corridor and evacuates water from the polder through the polder infrastructure
Wild Heck cattle, Konik horses and red deer, the wild grazers who will use the corridor, have their own requirementsfor habitat and safe passage through the landscape. Programming for human users within the corridor focuses
on providing opportunities to experience natural systems while separating people from core habitat areas. This
is facilitated by various designs for recreation, education and research opportunities. To illustrate how human use
of the corridor will integrate with its surrounding context, a master plan for the future Almere Oost was also
generated. These issues and attendant design solutions are summarized below.
Cynthia Lapp Masters of Landscape Architecture University of Minnesota
water issues water design solutions
Hoge Vaart and Lage Vaart water should not mix due to waterquality issues
Separate corridor water system from polder water system
Rainfall estimated to provide enough water for 10-day optimalturnover in corridor
Hedge by supplementing corridor water by starting the corridortocht in southern Almere Oost
50-80 cm optimal water levels for submerged water-cleaningvegetation
Central water depth of 50 cm and additional seasonal water at30 cm optimal for submerged vegetation
While submerged vegetation is necessary for water quality,deeper water variations enrich ecological variety
Pools with varying depths are located adjacent to the centraland seasonal water
Drain pipes for agricultural groundwater keep levels too deep togenerate rich ecological quality
Break drain pipes within specified corridor areas to raisegroundwater levels.
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wildlife issues wildlife design solutions
Safe crossings of transportation infrastructure: Hoge Vaart, A6,Volgelweg, Lage Vaart, N305
Separate from traffic with over- and under-passes that allow forcomfortable migration
Habitat disturbance through transportation noise + pollution andvisual disturbance from context outside corridor Line transportation corridors with sound/light barriers to protecthabitat; forested buffers and viewing dikes protect visual habitat
Degradation of habitat by successful grazing populations Create rotational pastures for migrating wildlife
Public perception of suffering in winter die-off of grazersSet population parameters and cull healthy animals to reducepossible suffering
Reintegrate wild grazers with cultural practicesCulling of healthy animals possibly marketed and consumed aswild game
Separate wild and domestic animal populationsContinue current practice of fences, dikes and water to separatecorridor wildlife from domestic animal populations
Current high levels of nutrient loading in OostvaardersplassenUse nutrients in corridor water outflow to fertilize vegetation ingreenhouse living machines
Using corridor for general polder water storage judged to beinefficient
Operate water systems separately; connect infrastructure forunforeseen future needs
Corridor site of current drainage tocht; separating corridor watersystem necessitates tocht replacement
Install side tochts that parallel the corridor for urban and large-scale agricultural irrigation
people + corridor issues corridor design solutions
Create opportunities for all to connect with the landscape andnatural systems
Extensive system of bike/pedestrian paths, causeway prospects,visitor centers
Separate humans from wildlife within corridorContinue current successful practice of humans not deviatingfrom pathways within nature areas
Relocation of people farming corridor siteRemove fewer farmsteads than current provincial plan; rescalefarms and weave into urban agricultural context
Current facilit ies in corridor anchor sites insufficient Design appropriate visitor and research facilit ies
Tracking of disease vectors between wildlife and humans Utilize research facilities to monitor situation
people + almere oost issues almere oost design solutions
Almere 2030 goal of feeding 30% of Almere's projectedpopulation of 350,000
Utilize polder fertility for vegetable, orchard, apiary, dairy, meat,grain + greenhouse agriculture
Almere 2030 plan for urban agriculture, practicing biodynamic +
organic farming
Produce nutrient-rich food, sustain fertility, enhance ecological
quality of land and water
Reinstate productive forestryReintroduce cultural practices of coppicing, lumber + specialtywood forestry
Connect to existing polder sculpture + land art; PaviljonesMuseum, Flevoland Collection, Almere Collection
Sculpture Center for public, working artists, connection tospecialty forestry
Almere 2030 plan to provide economic opportunitiesLand-based industries: basketry + wattling, furniture, artisan,millwork, food packaging, greenhouses, farm retail, farm stays,marketing, artist colonies, sculpture center
Almere 2030 plan for industry along A6, A27, rail + watercorridors
Position intensive greenhouses and land-based industries nearnational + EU infrastructure
Expand educational opportunitiesLand-based education: farm schools, folk schools, socialprograms, research; connect to polder history Nieuw LandMuseum, Lelystad
Integrate new landscape into cultural stories Opportunities for all ages to practice creativity + responsibilityconnected to the landscape
Almere 2030 rural density plan for 20,000 new housesReplace currently planned rural sprawl with "Wijkdorp"neighborhood-villages of 1000 - 2500 houses woven into urbanagriculture context
Extend existing structure of green connections throughoutAlmere Oost
Connect existing green structure with corridor, weaving throughurban agriculture and Wijkdorp contexts
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people and the corridor
The corridor offers distinct experiences of separation and connection. Bike and pedestrian pathways wi
wend through the enclosure of forest borders, opening into vistas across outlying pools and along the central
habitat areas in the corridor, and along dikes and tochts outside the corridor. Dikes will visually divide the corridor
and surrounding agricultural context, while providing panoramic views of the urban agriculture and Wijkdorps
of Almere Oost, the breadth of habitat conditions inside the corridor, and the expansive landscape of large-scale
polder agriculture to the east. Pedestrian and bike causeways will link corridor edges while providing prospects of
the core habitat and an undulating horizon line of forest bordering the length of the corridor.
resilience + applicability
This design establishes a diversity of landscapes and land uses that support resiliency not only for Oostvaarders-
Wold ecological corridor, but the cultural and economic contexts within which the corridor resides. It is recognized
that diversity affords ecological resiliency. By creating landscape diversity through re-embedding work, education,
trade and recreation into the land, cultural and economic resiliencies are also afforded. These combined resiliencies
strengthen the likelihood of ecological, cultural and economic success across local, regional, and global scales.
This corridor, and the extensive landscape and environmental planning that engendered it and other robus
ecological projects in the Netherlands, can serve to guide other regions and countries in ecological planning. The
lessons learned in dealing with intensive ecological, infrastructure and population pressures can be adapted to
other ecological and political frameworks.
The inclusion of cultural and economic issues in ecological and landscape planning can be adapted to any
landscape and any culture. By extending the site analysis and constraints/opportunities evaluation expertise of
landscape architects into cultural and economic arenas, landscape architects are poised to be at the vanguard
of solving complex ecological and economic issues. Landscape architects have both the overview and detail
knowledge necessary to work across disciplines, to embed site- and culture-specific solutions into diverse
landscapes, and forge creative and fitting solutions to the pressing economic and ecological issues today and in
the future.
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1 the dutch design the landscape Centuries o Dutch landscape design ocused on saety rom ood, invasion, and ood
dependency. Each o these solutions was inelastic in the ace o change. The urban, agricultural and nature typologies o the corridor
site have historical and modern precedents.
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2 existing conditions Existing urban,
agriculture and nature land uses within the cor-
ridor context. Horizontality in the polder landscape
is paramount; the power o the vanishing point is
utilized in Dutch road, trail and canal design.
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4 designing the site Water, wildlie and people shape the corr idor design. The main driver is water. The corridor water system both
controls the ecological character o the corridor and evacuates water rom the polder through the polder inrastructure.
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5 master plan + human experienc e A uctuating water system, sae passage or wildlie, and recreation, education and research
opportunities or people are expressed. To illustrate how human use o the corridor integrates with surrounding context, a master plan o
the uture Almere Oost was generated. Prospect and enclosure experiences aorded by the corridor trail system are illustrated.
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6 program axon Corridor design elements or water, wildlie and people are diagrammed. A conceptual vision how the site will
transmute rom agriculture land to robust ecological connection is illustrated.
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7 corridor model flythrough A sampling o rames rom a 3-D SketchUp model. Flying through the corridor, one experiences the
scale o the site, and how the corridor will be embedded in the current agricultural context.
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8 wildlife crossings Major transportation inrastructure crosses the corridor at fve points; two primary drainage canals, a Europea
and local and a national highway. Sections illustrate the two types o overpass and the A6 underpass. Passages will range rom 100-150
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9 corridor sections These sections illustrate the scale o the corridor, and how corridor and armland will spatially interroughly 200 205 tall.
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10 designing for resilience Ecological, cultural and economic resiliencies are aorded by landscape diversity. Relationships
between program elements and Almere Principles are illustrated. A model or rotational wildlie pastures is illustrated, as is the resiliency
o the water design in high and low water situations. The proposed corridor plan removes ewer armsteads than the Provincial plan.
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12 culture perspectives Causeways across the northern and southern sections o the corridor will aord prospects o the
corridors core habitat, and extended views across the at polder landscape. The sculpture center allows the public to view artists to
work on sculpture. It serves as a connection point to Almeres Paviljones Museum and the extensive collection o sculpture in the polder.
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13 economy perspec tives Where a Wijkdorp (neighborhood village) edge meets the urban agricultural context o Almere Oost
and a view o coppice orestry workers.
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van Eerden, Mennobart, Senior Advisor, Water Systems and Ecology, Ministry o Transport, Public Works and
Water Management (Rijkswaterstaat). Interviews, May 21, 2008 + March 4, 2009.
van Ool, Marcel. 2008. Het Verlangen Naar Buiten: De Nederlandse geschiedenis van he buitenleven.
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Netherlands Under the Magniying Glass.Praktijkonderzoek Plant en Omgeving, Wageningen UR.
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Environment project. Den Haag: Ministry o Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM).
VROM. Where theres a will theres a world: Working on sustainability 4th National Environmental Policy Plan
Summary.Ministry o Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM).
Wigbels, Vincent. 2001. Oostvaardersplassen: New nature below sealevel. Zwolle: Staatsbosbeheer.
Wijn, Judith Iris, Urban Designer, City o Almere. Conversations, February, 2009.
Woestenburg, M., Kuypers, V. H. M., and Timmermans, W. 2006. Over de brug; hoe Zanderij Crailoo een
natuurbrug kreeg. Wageningen: Blauwdruk.
Zuiderzeeland Waterschap. 2006. Zuidelikj Flevoland Peilgebieden. Vol. 1:50,000.
Zuiderzeeland Waterschap. Flevoland Watersystem. Vol. 1:50,000.
Cynthia Lapp Masters o Landscape Architecture University o Minnesota
8/14/2019 Oostvaardersplassen: New Nature Below Sea Level
22/22
image credits
1 the dutch design the landscape
saety diagram
1755 Storm
rom Bespiegeling over Nerlandsch Waternood, tusschen den 14den en
15den Nov. 1775 www.orumrarebooks.com/messages/item/124.html
1953 Flood
www.saecoast.org/canon/beschrijving.php?b=40
NOAA Sea Ice Model
www.noaa.gov
NOAA Sea Level Rise
www.noaa.gov
Waterline map
Inundation, 1800s
US WWII bomber
www.world-war-2-planes.com/american-world-war-2-planes.html
German WWII ighter
www.world-war-2-planes.com/american-world-war-2-planes.htmlGerman
Milking
Nationaal Archie www.lickr.com/photos/nationaalarchi e/3118474906/
Alkamaar cheese marketNationaal Archie www.lickr.com/photos/nationaalarchi e/3118474906/
Industrial grain harvest
weeklytimesnow.com.au/article/2008/11/26/29695_grain-and-hay.html
Grain pile
www.grainpilecover.com/images/grainpilecoverinstall3.jpg
typologies
Amsterdam, 1597, Ons Amsterdam, 1932
Google Maps
Google Maps
Dirk Maas, Willem III op hertenjacht (van Ool, Marcel. 2008)
Photo www.mcww.nl
Photo wiepoes, www.panoramio.com
Google Earth imagesite maps
Google Basemap
Basemap City o Almere
Basemap Michelin 1:400,000
Basemap City o Almere
2 existing conditions
Basemap City o Almere
3 god and the dutch make land
geohydrology
Base ino Geohydrologische Atlas IJsselmeergebied, Rijkswaterstaat
zuiderzee works
Basemap Algemeene Kaart van Holland, 1810; Topograische Dienst
polder drainage diagram
ater van de Vens Manmade Lowlands
polder water system
Zuiderzeeland Water System map, Waterschap
wogmeer polder
Gerrit Dirksz, 1608; Investors map, G. Dirksz, 1607-12; State Topographic
map, 1895; Photo Paul Paris; all (Reh, et. al. 2007)
lely + zuiderzee works
Lely; 1930 Closure Dike construction; Closure Dike today; wikipedia.org
levoland
Archived photos, Gemeente Almere Plannenatlas Almere
holocene deposits
Ater Structuurvisie OostvaardersWold Ontwerp, Provincie Flevoland
pleistocene structures
Ater Geohydrologische Atlas IJsselmeergebied, Rijkswaterstaatgroundwater low
Ater Geohydrologische Atlas IJsselmeergebied, Rijkswaterstaat
polder drainage + reclamation
Ater Manmade Lowlands
4 designing the site
almere
almere plannenatlas (Gemeente Almere, 2008)
2030 almere plan
Almere 2.0 (Stuurgroep Almere 2030)
horsterwold images
(Arnoldussen+ Nip, 1996)
ooostvaardersplassen, horsterwold
both google maps
6 program axon
corridor conversion concept
almere birds-eye base image courtesy Ria van Dijk, Gemeente Almere
Gert Breugem, Jan Wouter Bruggenkamp, Jan Frans de Hartog, Ivonne de Nood,
Hans Hogenhout, Desire Karelse, Hester Kersten, Rosa Piljes, Coen Van der Wal,
Ria van Dijk, Mennobart van Eerden, Iris Wijn
not pictured: Elmar Benjamin, Els de Hartog, Martijn Hokken, Jan-Eelco Jansma,
Rob Jongman, Jan Kruijshoop, Rogier Pouwels, Janin van den Bos, Tieneke Van
der Wal, Enno Zuidema
thanks
More thanks than I can say to all the olks in the U.S. and the Netherlands
who encouraged me to proceed and gave many hours to my project.
A extra big thanks to my committee, Lance Neckar, David Pitt and Vince
de Britto, and our capstone studio advisors, Dean Abbott and Joe Favour.
And Mike Tincher.
Cynthia Lapp Masters o Landscape Architecture University o Minnesota
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