One Homeland or Two? The Nationalization and Transnationalization of Mongolia’s Kazakhs

One Homeland or Two? The One Homeland or Two? The Nationalization and Transnationalization Nationalization and Transnationalization

of Mongolia’s Kazakhsof Mongolia’s Kazakhs

Alexander C. DienerAssociate Professor of GeographySocial Science DivisionPepperdine University

Research SupportResearch Support

National Science Foundation Macarthur Foundation International Research and Exchange Board Social Science Research Council Kennan Institute (WWC) University of Wisconsin Indiana University Pepperdine University

Time-LineTime-Line

Preliminary Research and Language Training – (U. Wisconsin-Madison, U. Iowa, Indiana U.)

SSRC Predissertation Fellowship – (Indiana University and Kazakhstan)

Field work:– 8 months Kazakhstan– 4 months Mongolia– 2 months Kyrgyzstan– 1 month Russia

Timeline Cont.Timeline Cont.

Dissertation Write Up (UW & SSRC)Kennan Institute (WWC) and Pepperdine U.

– Homeland Conceptions and Ethnic Integration among Kazakhstan's Germans and Koreans (Lampeter UK: Edwin Mellen Press, 2004) pp. 180

– One Homeland or Two?: Nationalization and Transnationalization of Mongolia’s Kazakhs (Stanford, CA and Washington DC: Stanford University Press and Woodrow Wilson Center Press 2009) pp.405

Theoretical Concerns and Theoretical Concerns and TerminologyTerminology

- Homeland Psychology- Place, Power, and Identity

Post-Nationalization and De-Territorialization Diasporic Identity - “Placeless”? Scale of Place Attachment De- and Re- Territorialization: Diaspora? Transnationalism and Hybridity Kin-States, Host-States, (re)Patriation

Evolution of the Research QuestionEvolution of the Research Question

Areas of Compact Living (Germans, Koreans, Russians, Poles, and Ukrainians)

Emigration of Non-Titular (largely European Groups)

Abandoned Homes Filled with Kazakhs from Abroad

Mongolian-KazakhsMongolian-Kazakhs

History of “Diaspora”

Turkic HomelandTurkic Homeland

Turkic GravesTurkic Graves

Turkic HomelandTurkic Homeland

Mongolian-KazakhsMongolian-Kazakhs

History of DiasporaIsolation / Insulation

Isolation / InsulationIsolation / Insulation

Largest Minority in MongoliaLargest Minority in MongoliaEthnic Group 1989 2000

‘000 % ‘000 %

Total 2044.0 100.0 2373.5 100.0

Total Mongolian Citizens 1987.3 97.2 2365.4 99.7

Khalka 1610.4 78.8 1934.7 81.5

Kazakh 120.5 5.9 103.0 4.3

Durved 55.2 2.7 66.7 2.8

Bayad 39.2 1.9 50.8 2.1

Buryat 35.4 1.7 40.6 1.7

Dariganga 29.0 1.4 31.9 1.3

Zakhchin 23.0 1.1 29.8 1.3

Uriangkhai 21.3 1.0 25.2 1.1

Other 53.1 2.6 82.6 3.5

Citizens of other Countries 56.7 2.8 8.1 0.3

Source: National Statistical Office of Mongolia - 2000 Population and Housing Census of Mongolia: the Main Results 2001, 50

Isolation / InsulationIsolation / Insulation

Trans InfrastructureTrans Infrastructure

Millennium HighwayMillennium Highway

Mongolian-KazakhsMongolian-Kazakhs

History of DiasporaIsolation / InsulationCultural Compatibility

Cultural CompatibilityCultural Compatibility

Cultural CompatibilityCultural Compatibility

Nomadic TraditionsNomadic Traditions

Shared HistoryShared History

Bayan Olgi – Bayan Olgi – Small-Scale HomelandSmall-Scale Homeland

Bayan Olgi: Historical Factors of Ethno-Territorial Articulation

Bayan Olgi: Socio-Economic Overview

Supply LinesSupply Lines

Bayan Olgi – Bayan Olgi – Small-Scale HomelandSmall-Scale Homeland

Bayan Olgi: Historical Factors of Ethno-Territorial Articulation

Bayan Olgi: Socio-Economic Overview Demographics: Kazakhs in Mongolia and Bayan

Olgi Kazakhification of Bayan Olgi

Kazakhification of Bayan OlgiKazakhification of Bayan Olgi

Bayan Olgi – Bayan Olgi – Small-Scale HomelandSmall-Scale Homeland

Bayan Olgi: Historical Factors of Ethno-Territorial Articulation

Bayan Olgi: Socio-Economic Overview Demographics: Kazakhs in Mongolia and Bayan

Olgi Kazakhification of Bayan Olgi Discourses of Kazakh Migration and

Territorialization within Mongolia– Mongolia De-territorialization Discourses– Mongolia Re-territorialization Discourses

Return MythsReturn Myths

Kazakhstan or Kazakhstani-stanKazakhstan or Kazakhstani-stan

Socio-Political Climate of Diasporic ReturnSocio-Political Climate of Diasporic Return

Ethnic Nationalism – KAZAKH-stan1993 ConstitutionLanguage Policy*

It is the Responsibility of All Kazakhstani Citizens It is the Responsibility of All Kazakhstani Citizens to Learn Kazakhto Learn Kazakh

Socio-Political Climate of Diasporic ReturnSocio-Political Climate of Diasporic Return

Civic/Territorial Nationalism

- - Kazakhstani-stan1995 ConstitutionMedia – Campaign*

My Homeland is KazakhstanMy Homeland is Kazakhstan

EmigrationEmigration

Population Change in Kazakhstan 1989-1999Population Change in Kazakhstan 1989-1999

Nationalities 1989 1990 1993 1995 1999

  Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %

Kazakhs 6534616 39.7 6700363 40.3 7287635 43.1 7636205 46.0 7985039 53.4

Russians 6227549 37.8 6241930 37.6 6168740 36.5 5769711 34.7 4479620 30.0

Ukrainians 896240 5.4 893780 5.4 875434 5.2 820871 4.9 547054 3.7

Germans 957518 5.8 917485 5.5 696042 4.1 507199 3.1 353441 2.4

Uzbeks 332017 2.0 340532 2.0 364159 2.2 378811 2.3 370663 2.5

Tatars 327982 2.0 333412 2.0 335514 2.0 319592 1.9 248954 1.7

Uighurs 185301 1.1 n. a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 210365 1.4

Belarusians 182601 1.1 182814 1.1 181486 1.1 171716 1.0 111927 0.7

Koreans 103315 0.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 99665 0.7

Others 717325 4.4 1007997 6.1 1004743 5.9 1002986 6.0 546398 3.7

Total 16464464 100 16618313 100 16913753 100 16607091 100 14953126 100

Source: Oka 2001, 94. 1989 USSR Population Census (CD Rom). 1996 East View Publications. Natsionalnoe statisticheskoe agenstvo respubliki kazakhstan, 1996. Demograficheskii ezhegodnik kazakhstana, pp.56-58 Alamty. Agenstvo rspubliki kazkahstan po statistike, 2000. Natsionalnyi sostab naseleniya respubliki kazakhstan: Itogi pereepisi naseleniya 1999 v respublike kazakhstan, vol.1 pp. 6-8. Note: Changes in Kazakhstan's territorial administrative structure have altered some of the population data from 1989 to 1999. It is not clear why these changes occurred.

SUPREME COURTSUPREME COURT

Kazakh IconographyKazakh Iconography

Role of the “Returning Role of the “Returning Diaspora?”Diaspora?”

Hardening of Space?Reclamation of Traditional Culture?Resource Exploitation?

Quota for Diasporic Return Quota for Diasporic Return Throughout the 1990sThroughout the 1990s

Years Quota - Families General Estimate of PeopleBased on the Number Families

% of Fulfillment

1993 10,000 60,000 76.5

1994 7,000 42,000 51.5

1995 5,000 30,000 66.6

1996 4,000 24,000 63.6

1997 2,200 13,200 56.0

1998 3,000 18,000 53.4

1999 500 3,000 56.0

2000 500 3,000 91.6

2001 600 3,600  

Source: Kunayatuly 2000, 17

Settlement PlanningSettlement Planning

Quota imposed on Diasporic Return Availability of Housing

Abandoned HousingAbandoned Housing

Settlement PlanningSettlement Planning

Quota Imposed on Diasporic ReturnAvailability of HousingAvailability of Jobs

Map of Pastoral Industry RegionsMap of Pastoral Industry Regions

Satisfaction with ResettlementSatisfaction with Resettlement

Problems faced by Oralmandar Solutions to ProblemsThe Future of the Oralmandar

OralmandarOralmandar::Labeled and ‘Othered’Labeled and ‘Othered’

Secondary Migrations:Social Networks – Aga Network

OralmandarOralmandar ‘Othering’ ‘Othering’

Social Networks – Aga NetworkSub-National Homelands (Diasporic

Communities)Climatic Similarity

Kin-state DiasporaKin-state Diaspora

Cultural Purity?Cultural Purity?

Film ExcerptFilm Excerpt

Characters– Kazakh Maiden/Grandmother– Atumtai (Officer + Father of Zamanai)– Zamanai (Son of Kaz Maiden and Atumtai)– Amanai (Son of Zamanai – Born in China)– Alima (Wife of Zamanai - Mother of Amanai)

ConclusionConclusionPatriation or Repatriation?Patriation or Repatriation?

Those Who Stay in MongoliaThose Who Migrate to KazakhstanThose Who Return to Mongolia after failed

attempt to Resettle in Kazakhstan73 Million in Post Soviet SpacePatriation / Repatriation