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On the Phenology of North Sea IchthyoplanktonWulf Greve*#, Sabine Prinage*, Heike Zidowitz*, Jutta Nast# and Frank Reiners#
*German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (FIS) and # Federal Agency for Shipping and Hydrography of Germany (BSH) , Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
Phenology is the study of the timing of recurrent synchronised biological processes
Spawning, plankton blooms, animal migrationsare examples for such seasonal events
Phenology requires many years of frequent observations
These are available from the only off-shore North Seaisland Helgoland
Mean SST April to June [°C]
Sta
rt o
f s
ea
so
n o
f ju
ve
nile
Ple
uro
bra
ch
ia p
ileu
s
[K
W]
7576
77
78
79
80
81
8283
84
85
8687
88
89
90
91
9293
94
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
6,5 7,5 8,5 9,5 10,5 11,5 12,5
Mean SSZT April to June [°C]
En
d o
f s
ais
on
of
zoe
a-l
arv
ae
of
Callia
nassa s
ub
terr
an
ea
[KW
]
838485
86
87
90
91
9394
195
205
215
225
235
245
255
6,5 7,5 8,5 9,5 10,5 11,5 12,5
Correlation coefficient r= -0,88
Correlation coefficient r= -0,80
Correlation coefficient r= -0,95 Correlation coefficient r= -0,78
START OF SEASON
Correlation coefficient r= -0,78
Mean SST June to July [°C]
En
d o
f S
ea
so
n o
f
No
cti
luca s
cin
tillan
s [
KW
]
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85 86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
25
27
29
31
33
35
12,4 12,8 13,2 13,6 14,0 14,4 14,8 15,2 END OF SEASON
Correlation coefficient r= -0,78
A B
Example: Timing of the start of season in apple blossom in a cold (A) and a warm (B) year, from DWD, unpublished
PHENOLOGY IS AN ESTABLISHED TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT TOOL
The physiologically important relative temperature variance in winter exceeds the summer values
The example: annual dynamics of the larvae of the common sole
Solea solea
The definition of phenophases:
10 w
eeks
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
19
75
19
76
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
year
°C
The spawning period of fish is determinedby the preceding winter temperatures
The deviation of winter temperatures from the long term mean
Phenology of North Sea Ichthyoplankton
correlation coefficient R2
name of species(english name)
range fromstart to endof season(weeks)
range ofmiddle
of season(weeks)
numer ofyears
measured>0 ind. * m-3
start ofseason
middle ofseason
end ofseason
Agonus cataphractus(Hooknose)
5 - 14 8 - 11 7 0,184 0,506 0,421
Ammodytes marinus(Lesser sand-eel)
4 - 14 6 - 10 7 0,195 0,387 0,246
Ammodytes tobianus(Small sandeel)
14 - 44 14 - 40 6 0,411 0,004 0,056
Arnoglossus laterna(Scaldfish)
24 - 33 26 - 33 6 0,849 0,935 0,751
Buglossidium luteum(Solenette)
22 - 35 23 - 32 7 0,419 0,368 0,702
Callionymus sp.(Dragonet)
19 - 28 23 - 28 6 0,884 0,471 0,318
Clupea harengus(Atlantic herring)
1 - 48 1 - 47 7 0,129 0,114 0,472
Ctenolabrus rupestris(Goldsinny-wrasse)
27 - 34 27 - 32 6 0,517 0,670 0,625
Gadus morhua(Atlantic cod)
3 - 19 7 - 17 7 0,034 0,655 0,827
Gobiidae ge. sp. 19 - 35 22 - 31 7 0,400 0,248 0,384Hyperoplus lanceolatus(Great sandeel)
17 - 44 25 - 39 6 0,647 0,432 0,579
Limanda limanda(Dab)
10 - 26 14 - 23 7 0,452 0,398 0,536
Liparis sp.(Striped seasnail)
5 - 26 15 - 25 7 0,681 0,595 0,311
Merlangius merlangus(Whiting)
6 - 28 9 - 23 7 0,156 0,412 0,579
Micrenophrys lilljeborgi(Norway bullhead)
6 - 27 6 - 25 5 0,971 0,941 0,902
Myoxocephalus scorpius(Shorthorn sculpin)
4 - 16 7 - 11 7 0,103 0,283 0,000
Pholis gunnellus(Rock gunnel)
2 - 14 6 - 13 7 0,562 0,731 0,053
Platichthys flesus(Flounder)
10 - 21 11 - 19 7 0,473 0,486 0,432
Pleuronectes platessa(European plaice)
3 - 18 10 - 15 6 0,671 0,723 0,370
Scomber scombrus(Atlantic mackerel)
24 - 32 25 - 30 6 0,271 0,332 0,440
Solea solea(Common sole)
13 - 32 18 - 28 7 0,670 0,760 0,714
Sprattus sprattus(European sprat)
16 - 39 21 - 26 7 0,055 0,011 0,007
Taurulus bubalis(Longspined bullhead)
8 - 26 9 - 25 7 0,660 0,501 0,483
Trachurus trachurus(Atlantic horse mackerel) 24 - 32 25 - 30 7 0,650 0,863 0,668
Triglidae gen. sp. 23 - 36 25 - 36 7 0,086 0,006 0,026
Table 1
Operative prognosis on the phenology of North Sea plankton
is available under:www.senckenberg.de/dzmb/plankton
Summary:
- phenology is applicable in marine ecology
- climatic effect recognition and prediction are supported
- marine monitoring has to consider quanititative and phenological variance
- as in terrestrial phenology a marine phenological observation system will have to include the participation of volunteer observationists and phenological observation sites (e.g. W.M.O. phenological gardens)
Expectation:
- phenology will become a standard method in marine research
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