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Offshore Wind, Wave, and Tidal Energy Resources and Technologies
Offshore Wind, Wave, and Tidal Energy Resources and Technologies
George Hagerman
VCERC Director of Research Virginia Tech Advanced Research Institute 4300 Wilson Blvd., Suite 750 Arlington, VA 22203
Email: hagerman@vt.edu Phone: 703-387-6030
City of Virginia Beach Energy Alternatives Open House
Virginia Beach, VA
04 December 2008
Initial VCERC Projects Funded by State Budget in FY2007-08
1. Feasibility-level design and economic assessment for a hypothetical reference baseline offshore wind power project
2. Preliminary mapping of offshore areas suitable for offshore wind power development, with identification of military training areas, shipping lanes, commercial fishing grounds, and marine and avian habitats
3. Evaluation of economic development potential of commercial offshore wind power development and associated workforce training needs, and planning for an ocean test bed
4. Feasibility-level design and economic assessment for an algae-to-biodiesel culture and processing system
Paliria Energy, Inc.
U.S. Offshore Wind Resources
Mid-AtlanticClass 5 & 6
Great LakesClass 5 & 6
Pacific NWClass 5, 6 & 7
Great PlainsClass 3, 4 & 5
S CaliforniaClass 4, 5 & 6
Gulf of MaineClass 6
SoutheastClass 4, 5 & 6
Nearly 80% of U.S. Electricity Demand is in Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf of Mexico or Great Lakes States
Twenty-eight coastal states in contiguous U.S. consume 78% of U.S. electrical energy
Nearly 60% of U.S. Population Lives in Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf of Mexico or Great Lakes States
Twenty-eight coastal states in contiguous U.S. are home to 58% of population
US Offshore Wind Resources Located Near Coastal Metropolitan Load Centers
Hampton Roads Area has Unique Features Favorable for Offshore Wind Power Development
Minimal probability of major hurricane strike
(Categories 3 through 5)
Robust coastal transmission gridClass 6 ( ) wind
energy resource located within 10-15 miles (16-24 km) of shoreline and close to major, growing centers of power demand 500 kV
115 kV
230 kV
Pale blue region indicates uncertain wind map accuracy
beyond 25 km offshore
Typical Offshore Wind Farm Layout
Monopile Foundations Driven into Seabed and Transition Pieces Grouted on Top
Horns Rev 2-MW Turbines Installed Using Self-Propelled A2 SEA Vessels
North Hoyle 2-MW Turbines Installed Using Towed Seacore Jack-Up Rigs
As Wind Turbines Increase in Size, Ability to Transport and Handle on Land Becomes Limited
General Electric 3.6 MW104-m rotor diameter
(Boeing 747-400wing span = 65 m)
REpower 5 MW126-m rotor diameter
(Washington Monumentheight = 170 m)
GIS Analysis and Mapping of Resource
Focus on 50 MMS lease blocks and avoid all excluded areas MMS lease blocks are 4.8 km x 4.8 km, with each block having 7 x 7 turbines.
Turbines spaced 685 m apart (7.6 rotor diameters)
Each lease block could contain 49 turbines
= 147 MW per block with Vestas model V-90 3 MW
= 6.4 MW per km2
GIS layers and calculations by Remy Luerssen, James Madison University
Class 6 Winds are Largely Beyond the Visual Horizon
12 n.mi.
Photo simulation of Long Island offshore wind project
Class 6 Winds are Largely Beyond the Visual Horizon
Beyond the Territorial Sea Limit of 12 n.mi., turbines would be barely visible, and then only on the clearest days
12 n.mi.
Photo simulation of Long Island offshore wind project
Class 6 Winds Beyond the Visual Horizon Could Be a Major Electricity Source for Virginia
Beyond the Territorial Sea Limit of 12 n.mi., turbines would be barely visible, and then only on the clearest days
12 n.mi.
Photo simulation of Long Island offshore wind project
Total available area of Class 6 beyond 12 n.mi. is 575.6 sq.km (142,500 acres); could support 3,680 MW of wind capacity.
Class 6 Winds Beyond the Visual Horizon Could Be a Major Electricity Source for Virginia
Beyond the Territorial Sea Limit of 12 n.mi., turbines would be barely visible, and then only on the clearest days
12 n.mi.
Photo simulation of Long Island offshore wind project
Total available area of Class 6 beyond 12 n.mi. is 575.6 sq.km (142,500 acres); could support 3,680 MW of wind capacity.
With an average annual capacity factor of 40%, this could generate 12.9 million MWh per year.
Class 6 Winds Beyond the Visual Horizon Could Be a Major Electricity Source for Virginia
Beyond the Territorial Sea Limit of 12 n.mi., turbines would be barely visible, and then only on the clearest days
12 n.mi.
Photo simulation of Long Island offshore wind project
Total available area of Class 6 beyond 12 n.mi. is 575.6 sq.km (142,500 acres); could support 3,680 MW of wind capacity.
This is about 1/3 of what coal-fired power plants now generate in VA, or slightly more than half of what nuclear plants now produce.
Early, Meaningful Engagement of Local Stakeholders Essential to Success
Comparing Electrical Energy Potential from Offshore Gas with Offshore Wind for Virginia
Estimated total recoverable gas reserves on Virginia’s OCS from MMS Proposed Oil & Gas Leasing Program:
= 327 billion cu.ft. (BCF)
Divide by heat rate of 8.1E-06 BCF/MWh
= 40,322,624 MWh
Again assume a 40-year lease with 15 years to explore and develop, and 25 years to produce
A 526 MW offshore wind project operating at 35% average capacity factor would generate this same amount of electrical energy over a service life of 25 years
MMS Proposed Oil & Gas Leasing Program for 2007-2012 has lease sale scheduled for Virginia OCS in 2011, contingent upon lifting of Presidential withdrawal and Congressional moratorium
While it is Tempting to Consider a Choice: Offshore Wind OR Offshore Natural Gas …
Area covered by 526 MW wind project would be less than four MMS lease blocks (92 km2)
MMS tentative gas lease sale area east of 50-mile buffer is 11,800 km2
… Consider Offshore Wind AND Gas in a Hybrid Project for Firm, Dispatchable Power
ADVANTAGES:
• Provides high-value baseload power
• Avoids utility need for land-based “spinning reserve” to accommodate wind variability
• Submarine power cable to shore more secure, with less environmental impact than gas pipeline
• Avoids onshore siting challenge of finding cooling water for land-based gas power plants
• Prolongs offshore gas reservoir life for more secure future
Eclipse Energy’s Ormonde Hybrid Project off the Coast of Wales to Come on Line in 2010
See www.seapower-generation.co.uk/english/ormonde.htm for more information
Thank You!
Any questions?
Email: hagerman@vt.edu
Two Basic Forms of Hydrokinetic Energy
CURRENTS• Activating force flows in same
direction for at least a few hours• Tidal, river, and ocean variants• Conversion technology is some
sort of submerged turbine
WAVES• Activating force reverses
direction every 5 to 20 seconds• Conversion technology can be
floating or submerged, with a wide variety of devices still being invented and developed
Gulf Stream a Potential Resource off Outer Banks of North Carolina
Surface current and SST animation: April – July 2005
Surface current speed vector scale
Steep continental slope limits Gulf Stream meanders (but does not prevent -- see first few days of animation)
UK-Based Marine Current Turbines
300 kW prototype (11-m rotor diameter) operating in Bristol Channel since May 2003; not connected to grid) Commercial array would consist
of 1.2 MW, twin-rotor units, with individual rotor diameter of 16 m
Upstream, two-blade rotor; blades pitch 180° to accommodate reversing flow
www.marineturbines.com
US-Based Verdant Power
Six-turbine, 200 kW array installed May 2007 in east channel of East River, New York City
35 kW turbine with downstream 3-bladed rotor, 5-m in diameter, which yaws to accommodate reversing flow
www.verdantpower.com
FLOW
Ireland-Based OpenHydro
www.openhydro.com
First developer to use the European Marine
Energy Centre tidal stream field test site in
the Orkney Islands. Photos show EMEC
field test rig with 6-m diameter turbine rated
at 250 kW capacity.Turbine submerged Turbine raised
Permanent magnet rotor in rim – stator coils in cowling
Rotor reverses rotation direction when tide turns
Wind Over Water Generates Waves
The amount of energy transferred from the wind to the waves depends on the mean wind speed, how long it blows and the distance (fetch) over which it blows.
Wave generating area may be bounded by coastlines or by extent of wind system
Wave Energy Devices Highly Diverse
Floating Point Absorber
(AquaBuOY)
Fixed Oscillating Water Column Terminator (Oceanlinx )
Floating Attenuator (Pelamis)
Floating Overtopping Terminator (Wave Dragon)
Floating Attenuator: Pelamis
Power module at front of each tube section contains two hydraulic cylinders that are stroked by relative pitch and yaw between adjacent sections
relative PITCH
relative YAW
TOP VIEW
SIDE VIEW
www.oceanpd.com
Pelamis Sea Trials and Pilot Plant
3.5 m dia x 150 m long
Pelamis 750 kW prototype installed in August of 2004 in 50 m water depth, 2 km offshore the European Marine Energy Centre, Orkney, UK
Three 750 kW modules installed summer 2007 in a 2.25 MW pilot plant off northern Portugal
Technology Development Pyramid
Long-term (>1 yr duration) prototypes in the ocean
(typically 100 kW to 2 MW)
Short-term (days to months) tests in rivers, bays or lakes
(typically 10 kW to 100 kW)
Rigorous laboratory tow- or wave-tank
physical model tests (1/50- to 1/5-scale)
a few dozen
hundreds
a few
It typically takes 5 to 10 years for a technology to progress from concept-only (not in pyramid)
to deployment of a long-term prototype
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