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OculesicsStudy of eye
communication
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How is eye contact used? What’s it mean?
to monitor feedback (What do you think?)secure attention w/ larger groups (like in speeches)regulate or control a conversation (teacher/student)establish relationship (when you like someone you increase eye contact)visual dominance (like animals)shorten distances (brings us closer together)
Eye Avoidance
How is eye avoidance used? What does it mean?
–to maintain privacy
–block stimuli (bad sound/close eyes, other good sense/close eyes to heighten other senses-music)
–lack of interest
Pupil Dilation
enlarge when interested or emotionally aroused (such as when you like someone or thing)
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Belladonna
15-16 Cent. Italian women put drops of belladonna into eyes to enlarge pupils, thought to be more attractive
1975 study: 2 photos, one large pupils, one small pupils, men asked to describe- women w/ small pupils=cold, hard, selfish; women w/ large pupils=feminine, soft
Why do women use so much eyeliner, mascara, etc? To enlarge eyes
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Oculesics Practice
Eye contact around the roomLook at each person for several seconds
Scan from one side to the other
Raise your hand
Staring contestFind a partner & move to see them
1st, you can blink
2nd, you cannot blink
VolumeHow loudly or softly you are speaking
When might you speak loudly?
Softly?
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Speaking Rate/PaceHow fast or slow you are speaking
When might you speak fast?
slow?
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Pitch
How high or low the sounds of your voice areWhen do you speak with a high pitch?Low?
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Chart of FeelingsDo write this down.
Feeling Volume Pace Pitch
Anger Loud Fast High
Joy Loud Fast High
Sadness Soft Slow Low
Voice QualityWhat makes people able to recognize you by your voice aloneEx: on the phoneWho has a distinct voice? Arnold Schwarzenegger? Mr. H? Bush?
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StressVolume & pitch; the amount of emphasis you place on different words in a sentence.
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Stress Examples: How does meaning change in the following sentence by stressing different words?
I like him very much.Meaning: You like him, not the other person.
I like him very much. Meaning: It is that guy you like, not someone else.
I like him very much. Meaning: You have very strong feelings.
More Examples: How does meaning change in the following sentence by stressing different words?
She’s giving this money to me.Meaning: SHE is the one giving the money, nobody else.
She’s giving this money to me.Meaning: She is GIVING, not lending.
She’s giving this money to me.Meaning: MONEY is being exchanged, not anything else.
She’s giving this money to me.Meaning: I am getting the money, nobody else.
10 Volunteers are needed to number off and remember their number.
There will be a series of sentences. The odd numbers will say the sentences
as a praise. The even numbers will say the sentences
as a criticism.Praise (odd #s) vs. Critisism (even #s)
That looks good on you.
#1 say the sentence as a praise. Think about which words you stress for the meaning and if your pitch is high/low.
Answer: That looks good (high pitch) on you.
#2 say the sentence as a criticism.
Answer: That (low) looks good on you.
That was some meal.
#3 say the sentence as a praise. Think about which words you stress for the meaning and if your pitch is high/low.Answer: That was some meal (high).
#4 say the sentence as a criticism.Answer: That was some meal (low) .
Or That (low) was some meal.
You’re an expert.
#5 say the sentence as a praise. Think about which words you stress for the meaning and if your pitch is high/low.Answer: You’re (high) an expert (high).
#6 say the sentence as a criticism.Answer: You’re an expert (low).
You’re so sensitive.
#7 say the sentence as a praise. Think about which words you stress for the meaning and if your pitch is high/low.Answer: You’re so sensitive (high).
#8 say the sentence as a criticism.Answer: You’re so (low) sensitive.
Are you ready?
#9 say the sentence as a praise. Think about which words you stress for the meaning and if your pitch is high/low.Answer: Are you ready (high)?
#10 say the sentence as a criticism.Answer: Are you (low) ready (high)?
Four Distances depending on the type of encounter and the nature of the relationship
Relationship Distance Typical Situation
Intimate Distance: 0-18 inches
Situations: Giving comfort or aid, whispering, conversing w/ close friends and family, kissing
We are easily stimulated in this distance, but often easily uncomfortable.
EX: personal space. Who do we let in it?
Personal Distance: 18 inches-4 feet
Situations: Talking w/ friends or business associates, instructing in a sport, other students in class
We’re mostly in this distance.
If you decrease to intimate in this distance people feel uncomfortable, but if you increase your distance people feel rejected.
Social Distance: 4 ft - 12 ft
Situations: Discussing impersonal or business matters w/ someone in authority, taking part in a small group discussion
Public Distance: 12 ft - 25 ft
Situations: Public speaking, teaching a class, leading a pep rally, fans in the stands at a game, people waiting in a lobby
Mostly with strangers we do not want to interact with
Age
Distance increases with age
People maintain closer distances with peers than with persons much older or younger
Relational
Persons more familiar with each other maintain shorter distances
Persons maintain shorter distances with those they like
The greater the status difference, the greater the difference
Context
The more formal the situation, the greater the distanceShorter distances are maintained for cooperative tasks than for competitive tasksThe greater the space, the shorter the distance
Gender
Women sit and stand closer to each other than do men in same-sex dyads
People approach women more closely than they approach men
Conclusions
Based on the four types of distances and their examples, what can you conclude about the correlation between the distance people have with you and what that might mean?The closer the more they like you; the farther away the less personal.
1. Positive emotions
support, appreciation, inclusion, sexual interest, and affection
Communicates composure, affection, trust
3. Control
touch controls another person’s behaviors, attitudes, feelings
EX: “move over,” “hurry,” “stay there”
5. Task-related
Touch for a task
EX: removing of a hair on other’s shirt, checking fore-head for a fever
Customers gave larger tips when lightly touched by waitress (Marsh 1988)
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